(Article 1156) Juridical Necessity Quiz

Juridical Necessity

• An obligation is a juridical necessity to give, to do, or not to do.
• We can demand and file a case in court to fulfill a real obligation.

Civil Obligation

• Positive obligation: enforceable by law and demanding performance.
• Negative obligation: demanding non-performance.

Natural Obligation

• Based on equity or natural law, but cannot be demanded.

Prescription/Statute of Limitation

• Extinctive: lose the thing after a certain period.
• Acquisitive: acquire the thing after a certain period.
• Injury to the rights of the plaintiff: e.g., quasi-delicts, defamation, ejectment.
• 1-year essential requisits/elements of obligation.

Elements of Obligation

• Active subject/obligee/creditor: can demand the obligation.
• Passive subject/obligor/debtor: performs the obligation.
• Object/prestation/service: subject matter of the obligation.
• Juridical vinculum/legal tie/efficient cause: reason binding the parties, e.g., contracts.

Sources of Obligation

• Law (Article 1218): 10 years, written contract, obligation created by law, judgment of the court, oral contract, quasi-contract.
• Contracts: a meeting of minds between two persons, whereby one binds himself to give something or render some service (Article 1305).
• Quasi-contract: arises from lawful, voluntary, and unilateral acts, e.g., negotiorum gestio, solutio indebiti.
• Delict/crime/felony: acts or omissions punishable by law, with 2 liabilities: criminal (imprison) and civil (pay damages).
• Quasi-delict: no contract, but damage caused due to negligence.

Types of Obligations

• Legal obligation (Ex Lege): obligations presumed not to exist, e.g., money from gambling.
• Contractual obligation (Ex Contractu): obligatory force of contract, parties must comply.
• Quasi-contractual obligation (Ex Quasi-Contractu): arises from lawful, voluntary, and unilateral acts.
• Personal obligation (Ex Delicto): every person criminally liable is also civilly liable.

Scope of Civil Liability

• Restitution: return.
• Reparation: repair.
• Indemnification: pay damages.

Delict vs. Quasi-Delict

• Basis of detection: requisition, purpose, affected, liabilities, compromise, evidence.
• Delict: malicious intent, imprison, public, criminal and civil liabilities, no proof beyond reasonable doubt.
• Quasi-delict: negligence, payment of damages, private, civil liability, ponderance of evidence.

History of Law

• Started from Greece, Rome, Spain, and Philippines.

Classification of Law

• Subject divided into two parts: obligation (1156-1304) and contracts (1305-1422).
• As to its purpose: substantive (creates and defines rights and duties) and adjective/remedial (provides cure and remedy).
• As to its subject matter: public (affects everyone) and private (for purely private ends).
• 8 major classifications of law: civil, taxation, commercial, criminal, labor, legal ethics, constitution, and remedial law.

Latin Principles

• Ignorantia Legis Neminem Excusat: ignorance of the law excuses no one from compliance.
• Nemo Est Suprema Lex: no one is above the law.
• Dura Lex Sed Lex: the law may be harsh, but it's the law.

Test your knowledge on Article 1156 which outlines civil obligations, prescription, and types of personal obligations in legal contexts. Explore concepts like positive law enforceability, natural obligations, and the difference between positive and negative personal obligations.