Write me a quiz that includes multiple choice and long answer questions based on this information: Science notes for plant biology and elemental chemistry Plant Systems - Xylem and... Write me a quiz that includes multiple choice and long answer questions based on this information: Science notes for plant biology and elemental chemistry Plant Systems - Xylem and Phloem Leaves Gas exchange primarily occurs in the leaves Leaves are flat and thin to maximise surface area Comprised of two epidermis (one at the top, and one at the bottom) Stomata (Singular = Stoma) Microscopic pores Mainly on underside of the leaf Stomata are surrounded by bean shaped guard cells that are filled with water These small holes allow gases such as carbon dioxide, oxygen and water vapour. When the plant has plenty of water, the guard cells fill up with water and stretch lengthwise, this opens up the pore. If the plant has a lack of water, the guard cells would collapse towards each other to close the pore. This controls water loss. Xylem Xylem vessels are made from dead cells, when they die they hollow out into tubes These tubes carry water and minerals from the soil up to leaves Xylem vessels are thickened by lignin which is a woody substance that helps keep the plant upright Water and minerals only move upwards Xylem vessels are so thin that water can travel up passively which means no energy is used up in the process Phloem Phloem vessels are made up of living cells that join together in long tubes Transports a glucose mixture (phloem sap) to all parts of the plant The cell walls that join adjacent phloem cells have perforations (small holes) to allow the phloem sap through Since glucose is needed in all parts of the plant, the flow of the phloem sap is bidirectional (flows in any direction) The xylem and phloem are vessels that transport different substances in a plant. They are grouped into vascular bundles separated by a layer of cambium cells. Cambium cells are able to become new xylem or phloem when required. Xylem cells are always larger and closer to the middle whereas phloem cells are smaller and on the outer sides. Glucose Glucose is a molecule created during photosynthesis in the leaves Glucose is needed as a reactant for cellular respiration which is needed for all cells in the plant Transportation of glucose in plants occurs in the phloem vessels Fruits First, fruits protect seeds — which contain tiny plant embryos. Second, fruits help those seeds travel, where they may grow into new plants. Transport Systems in plants include Water in -> Xylem Glucose out -> Phloem Carbon dioxide -> Stomata Oxygen out -> Stomata Water vapour -> Stomata Flower Anatomy Flowers Flowers are where the plants reproductive organs are Their purpose is to allow pollination to take place. Pollination involves transfer of pollen from the anthers to the stigma. The fertilised embryo develops into a seed and the surrounding tissue often develops into what we know as a fruit. Petals The scent of flowers originates from oils found in petals Petals come in many colours as their main role is to attract birds, bees, bats and other insects. These organisms help the plant reproduce Sepals Sepals are the protective green petal-like structures Once the flower blooms, the sepal can remain green or change colour Unlike petals, sepals do not have a scent Reproductive organs on a plant Males have reproductive organs that produce male sex cells called sperm Females have reproductive organs that produce female sex cells called eggs Unlike humans many plants have the male and female reproductive organs on the same flower Male Reproductive Organs Flowers have two male parts A thin stalk called the filament, attached to the flower A small sac called the anther, attached to the top of the filament. The anther contains a fine yellow pollen, which produces sperm cells Together they are called the stamen Female Reproductive Organs Flowers have three female parts A small tip that sticks out of the flower to collect pollen, called the stigma. The stigma is attached to a long tube that transports pollen, called the style The style transports pollen from the stigma to the round place at the end of the flower called the ovary. The ovary, similar to humans, contains eggs. When the pollen reaches the egg, the egg is fertilised and becomes a seed. Pollination Method of Pollination Flower Structure/Colour/Size Anther/Stamens Stigma/Style Wind Small flowers, many flowers in one head. Typically not brightly coloured, not nectar and no scent Long stamens with large anthers exposed Long style with exposed stigma; stigma has large surface area-often looks like bushes Insect Small flowers, many flowers in one head, brightly coloured (blues and yellows), small amounts of nectar and strong scent Short stamens and small anthers, close to the nectar source in most flowers, sticky pollen Short style, small stigma close to nectar source Bird Large strong flowers, some may have petals but many don't, lots of nectar, often red Often long, strong steam and large anthers, sited a long way from the nectar source Long style, smallish stigma, sited a long way from the nectar source Mammal Large strong flower heads, often not brightly coloured in many and often hidden in plant, much nectar is produced at night Strong and rigid Strong and rigid If pollen is transferred between parts of the same flower or between two flowers of the same plant, it is called self-pollination. This produces offspring with flowers that are identical to the parent plant. A butterfly transfers pollen from one flower to another on the same plant. This is an example of self-pollination. If pollen is transferred between flowers of different plants, it is called cross-pollination. This produces offspring with flowers that have a combination of features from the two parent plants. A bee transfers pollen from a lily flower from one plant to the lily flower of another plant. This is an example of cross-pollination. Elements, atoms, molecules and lattices Elements - Each of more than one hundred substances that cannot be chemically interconverted or broken down into simpler substances and are primary constituents of matter. Each element is distinguished by its atomic number, i.e. the number of protons in the nuclei of its atoms. Atom - Atoms make up every element in the universe. A single atom makes up noble gases such as helium and neon. Atoms that make up noble gases are happy to bounce around on their own. Molecules - Molecules are small groups of atoms that are chemically bonded together, such as oxygen, where 2 oxygen atoms chemically bonded together. Lattices - Lattices are when atoms are bonded together in continuous frameworks. Elements such as copper, carbon and gold. Due to each atom being bonded with its neighbours, the atoms in lattices cannot move around very much, meaning they tend to form solids. Single atoms - Elements that exist as single atoms are all gases Molecules - Elements that are made up of molecules can be solids, liquids or gases The Periodic Table of Elements Periods - Rows Groups - Columns Properties of metals and non-metals Properties of metals Lustre - How shiny an element is? Conductivity - Does it conduct electricity? Malleability - Is it malleable? Can its shape be changed? Ductility - Is it ductile? Can it be pressed into a wire? State of matter - All metals are solid at room temperature, except mercury. Compounds and mixtures Mixtures - A mixture is a combination of substances that can be physically separated. Mixtures contain 2 or more different elements or compounds that are not chemically bonded together. Some mixtures are homogeneous (constant composition), others are heterogeneous (varying consistency). Compounds - A compound is a substance containing atoms of two or more elements joined together by chemical bonds. They are also known as pure. Homogeneous - mixture in which the components mix with each other and its composition is uniform throughout the solution. Heterogenous - mixture in which the composition is not uniform throughout and different components are observed. Read more