What are anions and cations? Give examples. Which anions/cations do we find in higher concentrations inside of a neuron vs. outside? Which anions/cations do we find in higher conce... What are anions and cations? Give examples. Which anions/cations do we find in higher concentrations inside of a neuron vs. outside? Which anions/cations do we find in higher concentrations outside of a neuron vs. inside? Pumps and channels: What is their role in neural communication? Resting Potential and Action Potential: what happens during each state? How do they relate to changes in potential? What does it mean when neuroscientists say that the action potential is All-or-None? What is depolarization and hyperpolarization? How are both related to the action potential? How does the opening and closing of voltage-gated channels relate to the action potential? What is Saltatory Conduction? What is the neuron doctrine? What is a synapse? What are its components? What do a 'lock and a key' have to do with a neurotransmitter and its receptor? What are IPSPs and EPSPs? What is spatial and temporal summation? Know the difference between action potential and post-synaptic potentials. What are chemically-gated channels? What are neurotransmitters? How do they work? How many types of receptors are there for neurotransmitters in the post-synaptic cell? What happens after neurotransmitters are released?
Understand the Problem
The question is asking for explanations and definitions related to various concepts in neuroscience, particularly focused on ion behavior in neurons, neural communication, and the mechanisms of action potentials. It covers fundamental principles and terminology relevant to understanding how neurons function and communicate with each other. The user is looking for both definitions and comparisons between different states and functions in neuroscience.
Answer
Anions are negatively charged (e.g., Cl-), and cations are positively charged (e.g., Na+, K+). Inside neurons: higher K+ and anions. Outside neurons: higher Na+. Pumps and channels maintain ion gradients.
Anions are negatively charged ions and include substances like Cl-. Cations are positively charged ions such as Na+ and K+. Inside neurons, K+ and anions are found in higher concentrations, while Na+ is higher outside. Pumps and channels help maintain ion gradients crucial for neural communication.
Answer for screen readers
Anions are negatively charged ions and include substances like Cl-. Cations are positively charged ions such as Na+ and K+. Inside neurons, K+ and anions are found in higher concentrations, while Na+ is higher outside. Pumps and channels help maintain ion gradients crucial for neural communication.
More Information
Neurons maintain a resting membrane potential using ion pumps and channels. These regulate the flow of specific ions, causing different potential states that are crucial for neural activities. The 'all-or-none' principle means an action potential fires only if a threshold is surpassed.
Tips
A common mistake is confusing which ions are more concentrated inside versus outside the neuron, so remember: potassium is higher inside, sodium higher outside.
Sources
- The membrane potential - Khan Academy - khanacademy.org
- The Action Potential | Anatomy and Physiology I - Lumen Learning - courses.lumenlearning.com
- 12.5 The Action Potential – Anatomy & Physiology - open.oregonstate.education
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