UNIT I: Amino acids & Proteins: Structure & Function. Structure and properties of Amino acids, Types of proteins and their classification, Forces stabilizing protein structure and... UNIT I: Amino acids & Proteins: Structure & Function. Structure and properties of Amino acids, Types of proteins and their classification, Forces stabilizing protein structure and shape. Different Level of structural organization of proteins, Protein Purification. Denaturation and renaturation of proteins. Fibrous and globular proteins. Carbohydrates: Structure, Function and properties of Monosaccharides, Disaccharides and Polysaccharides. Homo & Hetero Polysaccharides, Mucopolysaccharides, Bacterial cell wall polysaccharides, Glycoprotein's and their biological functions. UNIT II: Lipids: Structure and functions Classification, nomenclature and properties of fatty acids, essential fatty acids. Phospholipids, sphingolipids, glycolipids, cerebrosides, gangliosides, Prostaglandins, Cholesterol. Nucleic acids: Structure and functions: Physical & chemical properties of Nucleic acids, Nucleosides & Nucleotides, purines & pyrimidines. Biologically important nucleotides, Double helical model of DNA structure and forces responsible for A, B & Z-DNA, denaturation and renaturation of DNA. UNIT III: Enzymes: Nomenclature and classification of Enzymes. Holoenzyme, apoenzyme, Cofactors, coenzyme, prosthetic groups, metalloenzymes, monomeric & oligomeric enzymes, activation energy and transition state, enzyme activity, specific activity, common features of active sites, enzyme specificity: types & theories. Biocatalysts from extreme thermophilic and hyperthermophilic archaea and bacteria. Role of NAD, NADP FMN/FAD, coenzymes A, Thiamine pyrophosphate. Pyridoxal phosphate, lipoic-acid, Biotin vitamin B12, Tetrahydrofolate and metallic ions. UNIT IV: Carbohydrates Metabolism: Reactions, energetics and regulation. Glycolysis: Fate of pyruvate under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Pentose phosphate pathway and its significance, Gluconeogenesis. Glycogenolysis and glycogen synthesis. TCA cycle. Electron Transport Chain, Oxidative phosphorylation. B-oxidation of fatty acids.
Understand the Problem
The text provided appears to be an overview of topics related to biochemistry, specifically focusing on amino acids, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, enzymes, and carbohydrate metabolism. It outlines their structures, functions, classifications, and various biochemical processes.
Answer
Proteins are organized into primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures.
Proteins have four levels of structural organization: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures. Primary structure refers to amino acid sequences, secondary involves alpha helices and beta sheets, tertiary is the 3D shape from folding, and quaternary is protein subunit assembly.
Answer for screen readers
Proteins have four levels of structural organization: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures. Primary structure refers to amino acid sequences, secondary involves alpha helices and beta sheets, tertiary is the 3D shape from folding, and quaternary is protein subunit assembly.
More Information
Each level of protein structure is integral to its function and interaction. For example, hemoglobin's quaternary structure allows it to effectively transport oxygen.
Tips
Confusing tertiary and quaternary structures is common; remember, tertiary involves folding of a single polypeptide, and quaternary involves multiple polypeptide subunits.
Sources
- Protein structure: Primary, secondary, tertiary & quaternary (article) - khanacademy.org
- 2.3: Structure & Function- Proteins I - Biology LibreTexts - bio.libretexts.org
AI-generated content may contain errors. Please verify critical information
