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The question contains a series of terms and concepts related to sociology, psychology, and criminal justice. It appears to be a list of definitions or key points pertinent to these fields rather than a direct question. The user may be looking for clarification or further information on these concepts.
Answer
Reference groups are social groups used for self-evaluation.
Reference groups are social groups that individuals use as a standard for evaluating themselves and their own behavior.
Answer for screen readers
Reference groups are social groups that individuals use as a standard for evaluating themselves and their own behavior.
More Information
Reference groups can influence behavior and decision-making immensely, acting as a measure against which individuals adjust their own behavior to align with perceived social norms.
Tips
Confusing reference groups with primary or secondary groups is common. Reference groups may not be those you directly interact with, unlike primary or secondary groups.
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