Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic cells, Unicellular vs. Multicellular organisms, Levels of organization (atom → molecule → compound → organelle → cell → tissue → organ → organ system → o... Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic cells, Unicellular vs. Multicellular organisms, Levels of organization (atom → molecule → compound → organelle → cell → tissue → organ → organ system → organism), Cell Organelles (Function AND location), Why does diffusion occur? What is osmosis? What happens to a cell if placed into a hypo, hyper or isotonic solution? Active vs. Passive Transport? What is endo and exocytosis? Structure and function of ATP? ATP-ADP cycle, Autotrophs vs. heterotrophs, What are pigments? Why are plants green? Structure of a chloroplast, What is NADP+? Aerobic vs. Anaerobic respiration? (just basic details of it), Stages of aerobic respiration? Equation for photosynthesis and respiration? Where does photosynthesis occur? Respiration? Read more

Summary of several biology concepts from cell comparison to respiration.

Here are some brief explanations for each topic.

1. Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic cells: Prokaryotic cells are simpler, lacking a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and complex organelles.

2. Unicellular vs. Multicellular organisms: Unicellular organisms consist of a single cell. Multicellular organisms are made of multiple cells that may form tissues and organs.

3. Levels of organization: Matter organizes from atoms to molecules, compounds, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and organisms.

4. Cell Organelles: Organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts have specific functions and locations within cells.

5. Diffusion and Osmosis: Diffusion is the movement of particles from high to low concentration. Osmosis is water diffusion across a selectively permeable membrane.

6. Effects of Hypotonic, Hypertonic, and Isotonic solutions on cells:

   • Hypotonic: Cell may swell as water enters.
   • Hypertonic: Cell may shrink as water exits.
   • Isotonic: Cell remains unchanged as there is no net water movement.

7. Active vs. Passive Transport: Active transport requires energy to move substances against a gradient. Passive transport does not require energy.

8. Endocytosis and Exocytosis: Endocytosis involves taking in materials via vesicles. Exocytosis is the expulsion of materials using vesicles.

9. Structure and function of ATP: ATP stores and provides energy for cellular processes. It consists of adenine, ribose sugar, and three phosphate groups.

10. ATP-ADP cycle: ATP loses a phosphate group to form ADP, releasing energy for cellular processes. ADP can be re-converted to ATP.

11. Autotrophs vs. Heterotrophs: Autotrophs produce their own food via photosynthesis. Heterotrophs consume other organisms for energy.

12. Pigments and plants’ color: Chlorophyll is the main pigment that absorbs sunlight, making plants green.

13. Structure of chloroplast: Chloroplasts have an inner and outer membrane, with thylakoids stacked into grana.

14. NADP+: An electron carrier molecule involved in photosynthesis.

15. Aerobic vs. Anaerobic respiration: Aerobic uses oxygen to produce energy, while anaerobic does not.

16. Stages of aerobic respiration: Includes glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and electron transport chain.

17. Equations for photosynthesis and respiration:

• Photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H2O + light → C6H12O6 + 6O2
• Respiration: C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

18. Location of photosynthesis and respiration:

• Photosynthesis: Occurs in the chloroplasts of plant cells.
• Respiration: Occurs in the mitochondria.