How do immunizations work? Why are they important? What are two myths about immunizations? Briefly describe each of the following public health strategies and provide an example fo... How do immunizations work? Why are they important? What are two myths about immunizations? Briefly describe each of the following public health strategies and provide an example for each strategy of a disease which it is targeting: Prevention Programs, Smoke-Free Environments, Healthy Lifestyles Outdoors, Screening Programs. Describe the function of each of the following organelles/structures: Cell membrane, Nucleus, Mitochondria, Ribosomes, Cell Wall. What structures/organelles are only found in plant cells? Animal cells? What is the cell cycle? What is the name of the stage during which the cell is growing? Dividing? What are the three stages of interphase? What occurs during these phases? How many chromosomes do humans have? Compare the terms chromatin, chromosomes, and sister chromatids. Identify each of the following stages of the cell cycle/mitosis – distinguish between early and late prophase: Late Prophase, Anaphase, Early Prophase, Telophase and Cytokinesis, Interphase, Metaphase. Describe what is taking place in the cell during each of the following phases of Mitosis: Early prophase, Late prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase/Cytokinesis. What is meant by the term 'Cell Specialization'? What are 'Stem Cells'? Explain the difference between embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells. What are 6 characteristics of Abnormal (Cancer) Cells? Create a table summarizing the main functions of each of the 11 organ systems found in the human body. What are the 4 types of animal tissues? What are their functions? Give one example of a specialized cell found in each type of tissue. Consider what you have learned about the function of each organ system. Describe in detail how organ systems can work together in the human body during some type of physical activity.
Understand the Problem
The question contains a set of biology-related review topics, including the mechanisms of immunizations, various public health strategies, the functions of organelles, the cell cycle, cell specialization, types of tissue, and organ system interactions during physical activity. It seeks knowledge about these concepts in order to prepare for an upcoming unit test.
Answer
Immunizations stimulate the immune system to build immunity, preventing diseases. Common myths include vaccines causing autism and natural immunity being superior. Key cell structures: cell membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, and cell wall. Plant cells have cell walls; animal cells have centrioles. Humans have 46 chromosomes.
Immunizations work by imitating infections to stimulate the immune system and build immunity. They are important for protecting individuals and communities from infectious diseases. Two myths are that vaccines cause autism and that natural immunity is better than vaccine-induced immunity.
For public health strategies:
- Prevention Programs aim to reduce disease risk, e.g., HPV vaccination programs.
- Smoke-Free Environments reduce exposure to secondhand smoke, e.g., banning smoking in public places helps reduce lung disease.
- Healthy Lifestyles Outdoors encourage physical activity, e.g., creation of parks to decrease obesity.
- Screening Programs detect diseases early, e.g., mammograms for breast cancer.
Cell Membrane controls the movement of substances in and out of cells. The Nucleus contains genetic material and controls the cell. Mitochondria generate energy. Ribosomes synthesize protein. The Cell Wall provides structure in plant cells. Cellulose in the cell wall is unique to plants. Animals have centrioles.
The cell cycle consists of growth (Interphase) and division. Interphase stages are G1 (growth), S (DNA synthesis), and G2 (more growth). Humans have 46 chromosomes. Chromatin is uncondensed DNA, chromosomes are condensed, and sister chromatids are identical halves of a chromosome. Mitosis stages:
- Early Prophase: Chromatin condenses.
- Late Prophase: Nuclear envelope dissolves.
- Metaphase: Chromosomes align in the center.
- Anaphase: Sister chromatids separate.
- Telophase/Cytokinesis: Cells divide into two.
Cell Specialization allows cells to perform specific functions. Stem Cells are undifferentiated cells with potential. Embryonic stem cells can become any cell type, while adult stem cells are more limited. Cancer cells show unregulated growth and ignore signals, amongst other traits.
Animal tissues:
- Epithelial (protection, e.g., skin cells).
- Connective (support, e.g., bone cells).
- Muscle (movement, e.g., cardiac muscle cells).
- Nervous (signal transmission, e.g., neurons).
Answer for screen readers
Immunizations work by imitating infections to stimulate the immune system and build immunity. They are important for protecting individuals and communities from infectious diseases. Two myths are that vaccines cause autism and that natural immunity is better than vaccine-induced immunity.
For public health strategies:
- Prevention Programs aim to reduce disease risk, e.g., HPV vaccination programs.
- Smoke-Free Environments reduce exposure to secondhand smoke, e.g., banning smoking in public places helps reduce lung disease.
- Healthy Lifestyles Outdoors encourage physical activity, e.g., creation of parks to decrease obesity.
- Screening Programs detect diseases early, e.g., mammograms for breast cancer.
Cell Membrane controls the movement of substances in and out of cells. The Nucleus contains genetic material and controls the cell. Mitochondria generate energy. Ribosomes synthesize protein. The Cell Wall provides structure in plant cells. Cellulose in the cell wall is unique to plants. Animals have centrioles.
The cell cycle consists of growth (Interphase) and division. Interphase stages are G1 (growth), S (DNA synthesis), and G2 (more growth). Humans have 46 chromosomes. Chromatin is uncondensed DNA, chromosomes are condensed, and sister chromatids are identical halves of a chromosome. Mitosis stages:
- Early Prophase: Chromatin condenses.
- Late Prophase: Nuclear envelope dissolves.
- Metaphase: Chromosomes align in the center.
- Anaphase: Sister chromatids separate.
- Telophase/Cytokinesis: Cells divide into two.
Cell Specialization allows cells to perform specific functions. Stem Cells are undifferentiated cells with potential. Embryonic stem cells can become any cell type, while adult stem cells are more limited. Cancer cells show unregulated growth and ignore signals, amongst other traits.
Animal tissues:
- Epithelial (protection, e.g., skin cells).
- Connective (support, e.g., bone cells).
- Muscle (movement, e.g., cardiac muscle cells).
- Nervous (signal transmission, e.g., neurons).
More Information
Vaccines not only protect the individual but also contribute to community immunity, reducing the spread of infection.
Tips
Common mistakes include confusing cell parts unique to plant and animal cells, and misunderstanding the phases of mitosis.
Sources
- Explaining How Vaccines Work - CDC - cdc.gov
- Vaccines: The Myths and the Facts | AAAAI - aaaai.org
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