Create an exam using these information: Psychology – defined as a science that studies human behavior. Psychologists are trained to observe, describe, understand, predict, and cont... Create an exam using these information: Psychology – defined as a science that studies human behavior. Psychologists are trained to observe, describe, understand, predict, and control behavior with the use of different objective and projective methods contrary to the common misconception that psychologists understand one person by merely reading their minds. Etymologically – personally came from the Latin word 'persona' which means mask used by actors in a play. It is the mask we wear when we face the world. Simply, it can refer to 'I' or everything about yourself — your likes, dislikes, strengths and weaknesses. It can also be defined as the totality of characteristics that go beyond physical qualities. Personality – it is designated as the unique and stable set of internal and external aspects of a person. One’s personality can be compared to one’s fingerprint — unique in every individual, siblings, and even twins are distinctive from each other. Personality through various schools of psychology, namely: Psychodynamic, Behaviorism, Humanistic, and Existentialism. Psychodynamic (The Study of the Unconscious) It supports the view on personality that unconscious forces govern human behavior. Sigmund Freud’s Theory of Psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis views us, human beings, as biological organisms motivated by the satisfaction of our bodily needs (achieving pleasure). It also states that your experience as a child strongly determines your adult personality ('The child is the father of the man'). Three levels of the mind: Conscious (10%) – two functions: the ability to direct a person’s focus, the ability to imagine that which is not real. Preconscious or subconscious (50-60%) – it is the storage point for any recent memories needed for quick recall. For instance, your telephone number or the name of a person you just met. It also holds current information that you use every day. It is the workhorse of the mind/body experience (similar to Ram). It is the source of dreams and automatic thoughts, the repository of forgotten memories, and locus of implicit knowledge. Unconscious (30-40%) – it is where all of our memories and past experiences reside. These are the memories that have been repressed through trauma and those that have simply been consciously forgotten and no longer important to us. Three structures of the mind: Id – the instinctual part of the kind that responds immediately to wants and desires. The id is chaotic and animal-like, seeking pleasure and avoiding pain. Ego – the ego is the decision-making part of the mind. It also seeks pleasure, but uses reason and logic to do so. It tries to get the unrealistic id to cooperate in a society bound by laws and social norms. Superego – the voice that incorporates the values and morals which are learned from one’s parents and society. It tries to persuade the id and ego to turn to moral goals rather than seeking pleasure. Three types of anxiety: Reality Anxiety – is the fear of real-world events. The cause of this anxiety is usually easily identified. For example, a person might fear receiving a dog bite when they are near a menacing dog. The most common way of reducing this anxiety is to avoid the threatening object. Neurotic Anxiety – it is the unconscious worry that we will lose control of the id’s urges, resulting in punishment for inappropriate behavior. Moral Anxiety – it involves a fear of violating our own moral principles. Defense mechanism – strategies the ego uses to defend itself against anxiety. Common defense mechanisms: displacement, repression, sublimation, and regression. Alfred Adler’s individual psychology He proposed the view of personality that focuses on striving for superiority (becoming a better version of himself). He believed that we are motivated to overcome inferiorities. Inferiority feelings are inescapable; they are necessary because they provide the motivation to strive and grow. Compensation – wherein we form some strategies to strive for a higher level of development. Inferiority complex - the conscious or unconscious feeling that one is not good as others. Superiority complex – when a person overcompensates, his/her normal feelings of inferiority will result in having a superiority complex. As we strive for superiority, we also have an innate need to live in harmony and friendship with others (social interest), and we develop a pattern of personal behavior (style of life). Family constellation (Birth order) – to him an individual possesses a particular characteristic depending on his/her birth order in the family. Behaviorism (The Study of Consciousness) John B. Watson founded the second school of psychology — Behaviorism. It focused on psychology as the study of overt behavior rather than mental processes. He argued that if psychology was to be science, it had to focus on the tangible aspects of human nature — that which could be seen, heard, recorded, and measured. Watson ignored genetic factors and insisted that personality is shaped by controlling the environment. Burrhus Frederic Skinner’s operant conditioning He believed that most human behaviors are learned through operant conditioning. The key to operant conditioning is the immediate reinforcement of response. The organism first does something (the behavior) and then is reinforced by the environment. This reinforcement increases the possibility that the same act will be repeated. Three conditions are present in the process of operant conditioning: (A) Antecedent, (B) Behavior, (c) Consequence. The (A) antecedent refers to the environment in which the (B) behavior takes place, while the (C) consequence is the reinforcement (reward experience) or the punishment. Albert Bandura’s observational learning Bandura agrees with Skinner that behavior is learned. However, he argued on the idea that it was acquired through reinforcement. For him, learning occurs when an organism's response is influenced by observing others called models. There are three types of modeling: Live Modeling – when the person he/she’s trying to imitate is seen/heard in the flesh. Symbolic Modeling – an individual learns through the use of a medium or instrument. Verbal Modeling - learns through listening to detailed descriptions of behavior and then acting based on that description. Humanistic It is a theoretical orientation that emphasizes the unique qualities of humans, especially their free will and their potential to personal growth. Abraham Maslow’s theory of self-actualization He proposed in his theory that human motives are organized into hierarchy of needs - a systematic arrangement of needs, according to priority, in which basic needs must be met before higher requirements are aroused. He also emphasizes that the ultimate goal of a person is self-actualization. This concept means the fulfillment of one's potential, and a self-actualized individual is one that has attained real happiness and peace of mind. Existentialism Existentialists believe that people search for some meaning in their lives. They ask the important questions concerning their being: who am I? Is life worth living? Does it have a purpose? To the existentialist, each of us is responsible for who we are and what we become. We cannot blame our parents, our teachers, employees, or any circumstances. Ultimately, we can choose to become what we can be — it is our own choice. Victor Frankl’s logotherapy Frankl's Logotherapy is based on the premise that the human person is motivated by a 'will to meaning,' an inner pull to find meaning in life. According to Frankl, 'We can discover this meaning in life in three different ways: (1) by creating a work or doing a deed; (2) by experiencing something or encountering someone; and (3) by the attitude we take Toward unavoidable suffering' and that 'everything can be taken from a man but one thing: the last of the human freedoms; to choose one's attitude in any given set of circumstances. Read more