1. Social Desirables These are qualities or possessions valued by society: Wealth: Financial and material resources. Power: Ability to influence or control others. Prestige: Re... 1. Social Desirables These are qualities or possessions valued by society: Wealth: Financial and material resources. Power: Ability to influence or control others. Prestige: Respect or admiration based on achievements or status. --- 2. Social Mobility Systems Refers to the ability of individuals to move within social hierarchies: Open System: Movement between social classes is possible (e.g., merit-based systems). Closed System: Social positions are fixed (e.g., caste systems). --- 3. Social Inequality Disparities in access to resources or opportunities: Political Inequality: Unequal influence over political decisions. Symbolic Capital: Non-material assets like education or reputation. Gender Inequality: Discrimination based on gender. Ethnic Minorities: Groups differing culturally or racially from the majority. Other Minorities: Includes marginalized groups like LGBTQ+ communities. Persons with Disabilities: Challenges faced by differently-abled individuals. Global Inequality: Economic and social disparities between countries. International Inequality: Imbalances in global power and resources. --- 4. Social Actors Entities that influence societal dynamics: State Actor: Government or public institutions. Non-State Actor: NGOs, corporations, or individuals. --- 5. Kinship Systems and Marriage Relationships based on blood, marriage, or rituals: Kinship by Marriage: Bonds formed through marital ties. Endogamy: Marrying within a specific group. Exogamy: Marrying outside a specific group. Monogamy: One partner at a time. Polygamy: Multiple partners at the same time. Kinship by Rituals: Spiritual or ceremonial bonds (e.g., godparents). --- 6. Family and Household Social units of kinship: Family: A group of people related by blood, marriage, or adoption. Household: People living together in a dwelling. Nuclear Family: Parents and their children. Extended Family: Includes additional relatives (e.g., grandparents). Blended Family: Formed by remarriages, including step-siblings or half-siblings. --- 7. Political and Leadership Structures Ways societies organize power: Bands and Tribes: Small, kin-based groups (bands) or larger, culturally cohesive groups (tribes). --- 8. Contemporary Art Techniques and Practices Creative approaches to art: Collage: Assembling different materials into a single artwork. Decalcomania: Creating patterns by pressing paint. Decoupage: Decorating objects with cut-out images. --- 9. Socialization and Enculturation Socialization: Learning societal norms and behaviors. Enculturation: Internalizing cultural values and practices. --- 10. Economic Institutions Systems that manage resources and transactions: Non-Market Transactions: Exchanges outside formal markets. Reciprocity: Mutual exchange of goods or services. Redistribution: Central collection and allocation of resources. Market Transactions: Buying and selling within markets. --- 11. Non-State Institutions Organizations outside government control: Banks and Corporations: Financial and commercial entities. Cooperatives and Trade Unions: Groups promoting economic or labor interests. Transnational Advocacy Groups: Global organizations advocating for causes. Development Agencies: Aid organizations focusing on progress. International Organizations: Entities like the UN or WHO. --- 12. Mead and the Development of the Social Mind George Herbert Mead’s theory of social development emphasizes: Norms and Values: Shared rules and beliefs. Status and Roles: Social positions and expected behaviors. Impression Management: Shaping how others perceive us. Read more