One Health
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Questions and Answers

What percentage of existing human diseases are zoonotic?

  • 70%
  • 50%
  • 40%
  • 60% (correct)

    • What percentage of emerging infectious diseases in humans have an animal origin?

  • 50%
  • 90%
  • 60%
  • 75% (correct)

    • What percentage of agents with potential bioterrorist use are zoonotic pathogens?

  • 60%
  • 90%
  • 80% (correct)
  • 70%

    • How many new human diseases appear every year, with how many of them being of animal origin?

    <p>5, with 3 being of animal origin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required to trace the origin of zoonotic viruses?

    <p>A one health approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has the development of animal coronavirus vaccines taught humans?

    <p>Various strategies, effectiveness, and possible side effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of the 'One Health' approach in 'food safety'?

    <p>To make food safer by identifying transmission channels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the source of the SARS-CoV virus that spilled over into humans?

    <p>Bats and wet markets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the consequence of the Rinderpest virus outbreak in Africa in the 1890s?

    <p>It resulted in the death of an estimated third of the human population of Ethiopia and 2/3 of the Maasai people of Tanzania</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the sequence homology of Bat CoV RaTG13 with SARS-CoV-2?

    <p>~96%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of wet markets in the spread of zoonotic viruses?

    <p>They are a catalyst for the spread of zoonotic viruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the 'One Health' approach aid in promoting mental health?

    <p>By educating people about illnesses to prevent ignorance and stereotyping</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three components of the 'One Health triad'?

    <p>Healthy people, healthy animals, and healthy environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the risks of improper food safety?

    <p>The rise of Norovirus and Rotavirus in humans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of removing a part of the RNA from TGEV in swine?

    <p>TGEV transforms into PRCoV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of cats with the feline coronavirus develop a transient infection with mild diarrhea?

    <p>70%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the cytokine shower in FIP?

    <p>Systemic inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a concern with animal coronavirus vaccines?

    <p>Lack of complete protection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be learned from studying coronaviruses in animals?

    <p>Host-pathogen interactions, molecular epidemiology, and therapeutic and prophylactic strategies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of changes in the viral genome of enigmatic coronaviruses of animals?

    <p>Alters tissue tropism and pathogenicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mortality rate of TGEV in piglets?

    <p>High</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of ADE in animal coronavirus vaccines?

    <p>Enhanced disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the Bat CoV RmYN02?

    <p>It is a coronavirus that has 97% homology replicate gene and 82% overall homology.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the cytokine shower in humans infected with SARS-CoV-2?

    <p>It triggers a hyper immune response, leading to the release of inflammatory fluid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of research on animal coronaviruses?

    <p>It has led to the development of treatments for human coronaviruses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is characteristic of the Pantropic Canine Coronavirus after 2006?

    <p>It has tropism for internal organs and has a high case fatality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the increased release of cytokines in SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals?

    <p>Cytokine shower</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of dexamethasone in treating SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals?

    <p>To prevent the fluid buildup in the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is unique about coronaviruses?

    <p>They are enigmatic due to their behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the coronavirus that has been studied in dogs?

    <p>Pantropic Canine Coronavirus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Zoonosis: General Info

    • 60% of existing human diseases are zoonotic
    • At least 75% of emerging infectious diseases in humans have an animal origin
    • 80% of agents with potential bioterrorist use are zoonotic pathogens
    • 5 new human diseases appear every year, with 3 of them being of animal origin
    • One health approach is necessary to trace the origin of zoonotic viruses
    • One health is not only about zoonoses, but also animals who are at threat from human viruses

    SARS-CoV (2002-2003)

    • Recombination and mutation events of the virus took place within bats
    • Rapid mutations and successful spread among animals took place in wet markets, facilitated by stress, crowding, and immunosuppression
    • In humans, several independent spillovers took place, with some strains of the virus undergoing further mutations, leading to an epidemic

    MERS-CoV

    • MERS-CoV in bats uses the same host receptor as MERS-CoV
    • The virus originated in bats and spilled over into camels at least 30 years ago
    • The virus is now prevalent in camels, and they have spread the virus to humans

    SARS-CoV-2 (Covid-19)

    • Bat CoV RaTG13 has 96% sequence homology with key differences in its genetic features
    • The virus spread to pangolins and other intermediate hosts before spreading to humans in wet markets
    • The spread of this virus to intermediate hosts is closely related to RBD
    • Bat CoV RmYN02 has S1/S2 cleavage site insertion, 97% homology replicate gene, and 82% overall homology
    • SARS-CoV-2 in humans acted similarly to FIP in cats, causing an increased release of cytokines (cytokine shower)
    • The cytokine shower alone killed people, and for those who survived, it triggered a hyperimmune response, causing the release of inflammatory fluid, killing people by essentially drowning from fluid buildup in their lungs

    Coronavirus: General Info

    • Lessons from animal viruses aid in tackling emerging human viruses and vice versa
    • CoV = coronavirus

    Coronaviruses are Enigmatic due to their Behavior

    • Pantropic Canine Coronavirus in dogs:
      • Started as causing self-limiting diarrhea in puppies and generally mild infection
      • Progressed to being a highly virulent pantropic CoV with acute systemic disease after 2006
      • Has tropism for internal organs and has a high case fatality
    • TGEV to PRCoV in swine:
      • TGEV is an enteric virus that causes severe diarrhea and has a high mortality rate in piglets
      • TGEV had a part of its RNA removed, causing the virus to transform into PRCoV
      • PRCoV causes mild upper respiratory disease in pigs and induces an immunity against TGEV
    • Feline Coronavirus in cats:
      • Causes FIP in 1-3% of cats with the virus
      • 70% of these cats will have a transient infection with mild diarrhea
      • 5-10% of these cats will have a resistant infection
      • FIP involves the cat's monocytes becoming infected, which triggers the release of cytokines (cytokine shower)
      • The cytokine shower causes systemic inflammation

    Animal Coronavirus Vaccine Issues

    • Lack of complete protection
    • Short duration of immunity
    • Virus shedding from vaccinated animals
    • Correlates of protection against CoVs
    • Emergence of multiple serotypes/subtypes, including virulent recombinants between vaccine and field strains
    • ADE (antibody-dependent enhancement) enhanced disease

    Learning from Coronaviruses in Animals

    • Animal coronaviruses allow humans to learn from host-pathogen interactions in bats and other intermediate hosts
    • Animal coronaviruses allow humans to learn from molecular epidemiology, pathogenesis, and therapeutic and prophylactic strategies in animals
    • Enigmatic coronaviruses of animals have changes in viral genome that alter tissue tropism and pathogenicity
    • Animal coronavirus vaccines have shown humans various strategies, whether or not they are effective, and possible side effects (ADE)
    • The use of animal models teaches humans about pathogenesis, immune responses, therapeutics, diagnostics, and vaccines

    One Health

    • Pathogens and toxins are transmitted to the environment, animals, and humans through channels like water, soil, and animal handling
    • Food safety requires teamwork to identify these channels
    • The one health approach of "food safety" makes our food safer
    • Risks of improper food safety can lead to Norovirus and Rotavirus in humans
    • Food security is a threat of transboundary viral diseases, such as Rinderpest (in South Africa)
    • One health plays a role in economics
    • One health aids mental health by educating people about illnesses to prevent their ignorance and stereotyping
    • The one health triad includes: healthy people, healthy environment, and healthy animals

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    Related Documents

    4- One Health.docx

    Description

    Explore the fascinating world of zoonosis, where diseases are transferred from animals to humans. Learn about the statistics, importance of one health approach, and more.

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