Cell 1
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Cell 1

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@ExaltingLorentz

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Questions and Answers

What is the basic structural and functional unit of life?

  • Cell (correct)
  • Organelle
  • Organ
  • Tissue
  • Which part of the cell membrane is hydrophobic?

  • Glycocalyx
  • Heads of the phospholipid bilayer
  • Carrier proteins
  • Tails of the phospholipid bilayer (correct)
  • Which type of cells includes both male sperms and female oocytes?

  • Germ cells (correct)
  • Somatic cells
  • Muscle cells
  • Structural cells
  • What is included in the cytoplasm?

    <p>Intracellular fluid and organelles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the key roles of the cell membrane?

    <p>Physical isolation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following organelles is a membranous organelle?

    <p>Endoplasmic reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the phospholipid is hydrophilic?

    <p>Phosphate heads</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding nonmembranous organelles?

    <p>They have direct contact with the cytosol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the cell membrane is made up of membrane carbohydrates?

    <p>3%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT a component of the cytoskeleton?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of membrane protein is embedded within the lipid bilayer?

    <p>Integral proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of ion concentration, which statement is correct?

    <p>Potassium ions are higher in intracellular fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of glycocalyx?

    <p>Protection and recognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is responsible for energy production?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement describes somatic cells?

    <p>They include all body cells except reproductive cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What function does the glycocalyx primarily serve?

    <p>Cell recognition and protection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure primarily provides fluidity to the cell membrane?

    <p>Cholesterol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following contributes to the structural support of the cell?

    <p>Cytoskeleton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cellular Level of Organization

    • The basic structural and functional unit of life is a cell.
    • Cells are the smallest unit that can perform all life functions.
    • Cells can only arise from pre-existing cells.
    • Cells maintain homeostasis.

    Types of Cells

    • Somatic cells: All body cells except sex cells.
    • Sex cells: Reproductive cells including male sperms and female oocytes (eggs).

    Structure of The Cell

    • The cell is composed of:
      • Cytoplasm: All materials inside the cell and outside the nucleus.
      • Nucleus: Contains the cell's genetic material.
      • Cell membrane: Outermost layer that separates the cell from its environment.

    Cell Membrane

    • The cell membrane is composed of:
      • Phospholipid bilayer:
        • Hydrophilic heads facing outward.
        • Hydrophobic tails facing inward.
      • Cholesterol: Contributes to the membrane's fluidity.
      • Other lipids: Play a part in membrane function.
      • Proteins: Essential for various functions:
        • Integral proteins: Embedded within the membrane.
        • Peripheral proteins: Located on the inner or outer surface.

    Functions of the Cell Membrane

    • Physical isolation: Acts as a barrier.
    • Sensitivity to environment: Responsive to extracellular fluid composition and chemical signals.
    • Regulates exchange: Controls the movement of ions, nutrients, waste, and cellular products.
    • Structural support: Provides structure for cell-to-cell and cell-to-tissue interactions.

    Functional Types of Membrane Proteins

    • Cell-cell junctions
    • Enzymes: Catalyze reactions.
    • Transporters: Move substances across the membrane through channels or carriers.
    • Recognition: Provide identification for other cells.
    • Anchors: Attach to cytoskeleton for structural support.
    • Receptors: Bind to ligands, triggering cellular responses.

    Membrane Carbohydrates

    • Carbohydrates are part of complex molecules like glycolipids, glycoproteins, and proteoglycans.
    • The glycocalyx is the layer of carbohydrates that extends outside the cell membrane.
    • Glycocalyx functions:
      • Anchoring and protection.
      • Lubrication and locomotion.
      • Specificity in binding (receptors).
      • Recognition (immune response).

    Cytoplasm

    • Cytosol: Intracellular fluid containing dissolved materials like nutrients, ions, proteins, and waste.
    • Organelles: Structures with specific functions, further divided into:
      • Nonmembranous organelles: No membrane, in direct contact with the cytosol.
      • Membranous organelles: Enclosed by a membrane, isolated from cytosol.

    Nonmembranous Organelles

    • Cytoskeleton: Provides structure, strength, and flexibility to the cytoplasm.
      • Composed of: - Microfilaments: Thin filaments responsible for cell movement. - Intermediate filaments: Intermediate in size, provide structural support. - Thick filaments: Found in muscle cells, involved in muscle contraction. - Microtubules: Hollow tubes, support structure and transport.
    • Microvilli: Finger-like projections that increase surface area.
    • Centrioles: Role in cell division.
    • Cilia: Hair-like structures for movement.
    • Ribosomes: Sites of protein synthesis.
    • Proteasomes: Break down and recycle proteins.

    Membranous Organelles

    • Endoplasmic reticulum: Network of interconnected membranes.
      • Rough ER: Has ribosomes attached, involved in protein synthesis.
      • Smooth ER: No ribosomes, involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification.
    • Golgi apparatus: Modifies and packages proteins.
    • Lysosomes: Contain enzymes for digestion and waste removal.
    • Peroxisomes: Contain enzymes for detoxification.
    • Mitochondria: Powerhouses of the cell, responsible for ATP production.

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