Year 1 Dental Hygiene: Heart and Circulation

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Questions and Answers

What is the largest type of artery?

Elastic arteries (correct)

Medium arteries

Muscular arteries

Arterioles

Which layer is present in both arteries and veins?

Tunica externa

Tunica media (correct)

Tunica adventitia

Tunica internus

What type of connective tissue underlines the tunica intima in arteries?

Loose connective tissue (correct)

Cartilaginous tissue

Elastic connective tissue

Dense connective tissue

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of veins?

Veins are the smallest blood vessels Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the tunica adventitia in veins?

Composed of collagenous connective tissue Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference in the tunica media between arteries and veins?

Arteries have a thicker tunica media Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate size of the heart in relation to the owner's fist?

10 cm Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the pericardium is adherent to the myocardium?

Visceral pericardium Signup and view all the answers

What structure prevents over distension of the heart?

Fibrous pericardium Signup and view all the answers

In which part of the thoracic cavity does the heart lie?

More to the left than the right Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the pericardium?

To prevent over distension of the heart Signup and view all the answers

Which type of tissue makes up the outer layer of the outer sac of the pericardium?

Fibrous tissue Signup and view all the answers

The heart is described as which shape?

Cone-shaped Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the inner layer of the pericardium?

Made of flattened epithelia Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure that separates the outer and inner sacs of the pericardium?

Serous fluid Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the serous fluid secreted by cells between the parietal and visceral layers?

Facilitates smooth movement during heartbeats Signup and view all the answers

What unique characteristic does myocardial tissue possess?

It has a trellis-like microscopic appearance Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the heart is lined by the endocardium?

Myocardium Signup and view all the answers

Which valves are included in the list of heart structures?

Tricuspid and mitral valves Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during ventricular systole in the cardiac cycle?

The ventricles contract Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following components is part of the heart's conducting system?

Sinoatrial node Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic correctly describes capillaries?

Form a single layer of endothelial cells Signup and view all the answers

How do arteries differ from veins in terms of structure?

Arteries are rigid and cylindrical while veins are not Signup and view all the answers

What type of blood do veins typically carry?

De-oxygenated blood Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of papillary muscles in the heart?

To anchor and stabilize atrioventricular valves Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Year 1 Dental Hygiene & Therapy DE7102: Biomedical Sciences - Anatomy & Physiology - The Heart and Circulation Learning Outcomes

Students will be able to define the heart's position in the thorax.
Students will be able to label a diagram of the heart.
Students will be able to describe the structure of the heart wall.
Students will be able to describe the heart's chambers.
Students will be able to define the location and function of the heart valves.
Students will be able to define normal blood pressure.
Students will be able to describe blood flow through the heart.
Students will be able to define the three main types of blood vessels and discuss their differences.
Students will be able to describe the heart's conducting system.
Students will be able to describe the path of oxygenated blood from the heart to the head and neck.
Students will be able to identify and describe the major branches of the common carotid arteries.
Students will be able to describe the pathways of veins draining into the internal jugular veins and to the heart.

Heart Structure

Cone-shaped, hollow, muscular organ.
Approximately 10 cm long, similar in size to a fist.
Located obliquely in the thoracic cavity, slightly more to the left than right.

Pericardium

Double-layered sac surrounding the heart.
Outer sac (fibrous pericardium): composed of fibrous tissue, continuous with the great vessels, and anchored to the diaphragm. Prevents over-distension.
Inner sac (serous pericardium): consists of a parietal layer (outer) lining the fibrous pericardium and a visceral layer (inner) adhering to the myocardium. Secretes serous fluid for smooth movement during heartbeats.

Myocardium

Specialized cardiac muscle, unique to the heart.
Microscopic appearance resembles a "trellis."
Organized as a sheet of muscle rather than individual cells, allowing for coordinated contraction waves throughout the entire heart muscle.

Endocardium

Thin, smooth, glistening membrane lining the myocardium.
Composed of flattened epithelial cells.
Continuous with the tunica intima (inner layer) of blood vessels.

Interior Heart Structure

Septum: Dividing wall between the heart's chambers.
Atrioventricular valves: Tricuspid and mitral valves controlling blood flow between atria and ventricles.
Chordae tendineae: Strong tendinous cords connecting valve leaflets to papillary muscles, preventing valve inversion.
Papillary muscles: Projections from the ventricular walls that anchor the chordae tendineae.
Atrium: Receives blood from veins.
Ventricles: Pump blood out to arteries.

Cardiac Cycle

Atrial systole: Atria contract to pump blood into the ventricles.
Ventricular systole: Ventricles contract, pushing blood into arteries.
Complete cardiac diastole: All heart chambers relax to fill with blood.

Conducting System

Sinoatrial (SA) Node: Pacemaker of the heart.
Atrioventricular (AV) Node: Receives electrical impulses from SA node, delays the signal to permit atrial emptying.
Atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His): Conducting fibers carrying electrical impulses from the AV node to the ventricles.
Bundle branches: Branches of the bundle of His conveying impulses through the interventricular septum.
Purkinje fibers: Specialized fibers distributing the impulses throughout the ventricular myocardium.

Blood Vessels

Capillaries: Single layer of endothelial cells, forming a tube, for gas exchange.
Arteries: Rigid, cylindrical shape, thick walls, carry oxygenated blood (except pulmonary artery).
Veins: Not rigid, slightly flattened, thin walls, contain valves to prevent backflow, carry deoxygenated blood (except pulmonary vein).
Arterioles: Smallest arteries, controlling blood flow into capillaries.
Venules: Smallest veins, collecting blood from capillaries.
Types of Arteries: Arterioles, muscular arteries, elastic arteries
Types of Veins: Venules, veins.

Layers of Arteries and Veins

Tunica intima: Inner layer composed of endothelial cells.
Tunica media: Middle layer with smooth muscle cells and elastic fibers.
Tunica adventitia: Outer layer made of connective tissue and elastic fibers.

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Description

This quiz focuses on the anatomy and physiology of the heart and circulation. It covers the heart's position, structure, chambers, valves, and the blood flow through the cardiovascular system. Students will also learn about blood pressure and the types of blood vessels involved.