Anatomy and Circulation of the Heart

The left side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood to the body.

The right side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs.

The pointed end of the heart directed anteriorly and to the left.

The broad part of the heart opposite the apex, directed posteriorly and to the right.

A 3-layered sac surrounding the heart to reduce friction.

Fluid-filled space between the visceral and parietal pericardium.

Fetal connection between pulmonary trunk and aorta that closes after birth.

Inflammation of the pericardium causing pain from friction.

The relaxation period of the heart cycle lasting about 0.4 seconds.

A period when none of the chambers contract, all valves are closed, and ventricular volume remains unchanged.

The sound marking the closure of the semilunar valves after blood ejection.

The process of blood rushing from atria to ventricles after the AV valves open.

The first third of diastole where most ventricular filling occurs due to high pressure in atria.

The last third of diastole where atria contract to contribute to ventricular filling.

Pressure in aorta rises as blood is ejected and falls again during late systole.

Three main waves during the cardiac cycle: a wave, c wave, and v wave representing different actions.

A condition where fluid compresses the heart, risking heart function.

A life-saving method involving chest compressions to circulate blood when the heart stops.

The thick muscle layer of the heart responsible for pumping blood.

Four sections of the heart: 2 atria and 2 ventricles, each serving specific functions.

The capacity of the heart to increase output beyond resting levels.

The volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole.

The principle that greater ventricular filling leads to stronger contractions.

The total volume of blood in the ventricles just before contraction.

The flow of blood back to the heart from the veins.

Both the right and left ventricles pump equal volumes of blood.

The ability of the heart muscle to contract and generate force.

The resistance the heart must overcome to eject blood.

Transient redness on skin after pressure removal due to increased blood flow.

Nitric Oxide (NO) produced by endothelium for vasodilation and blood flow control.

A gas that causes relaxation of smooth muscle and inhibits platelet aggregation.

A kinin that causes intense vasodilation and increases capillary permeability, involved in inflammation.

A powerful vasodilator released from mast cells during inflammation, causing blood vessel expansion.

A neurotransmitter released from platelets that primarily causes vasoconstriction.

The process of forming new blood vessels from pre-existing ones.

The widening of blood vessels to increase blood flow, often induced by NO.

The connection of two or more blood vessels providing alternate routes for blood.

Alternative route for blood flow due to anastomosis.

Small arteries that regulate blood flow between arteries and capillaries.

Arterioles are called resistance vessels due to their role in blood flow regulation.

Microscopic vessels that facilitate nutrient and waste exchange between blood and tissues.

Blood flow through the capillaries connecting arterioles and venules.

A vessel that supplies capillaries constituting a capillary bed.