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Questions and Answers
What is defined as a substance used as a medication or in the preparation of medication, or a substance recognized in an official pharmacopoeia or formulary, intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease, other than food intended to affect the structure or function of the body, or intended for use as a component of a medicine but not a device or a component, part, or accessory of a device?
What is defined as a substance used as a medication or in the preparation of medication, or a substance recognized in an official pharmacopoeia or formulary, intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease, other than food intended to affect the structure or function of the body, or intended for use as a component of a medicine but not a device or a component, part, or accessory of a device?
A drug.
What is defined as any substance, other than a normal constituent of the body or one that is required for normal bodily function, that, when applied to or introduced into a living organism, has the effect of altering bodily function(s)?
What is defined as any substance, other than a normal constituent of the body or one that is required for normal bodily function, that, when applied to or introduced into a living organism, has the effect of altering bodily function(s)?
A drug.
What are the 3 different kinds/ types of drug names?
What are the 3 different kinds/ types of drug names?
Chemical Generic Trade
What are the 3 ways by which drugs can be classified? (Acronym hint: a knee injury)
What are the 3 ways by which drugs can be classified? (Acronym hint: a knee injury)
What are the 6 phases of drug approval?
What are the 6 phases of drug approval?
What is the name of the overarching legislation for food, drugs, cosmetics and therapeutic devices, and what year was it developed?
What is the name of the overarching legislation for food, drugs, cosmetics and therapeutic devices, and what year was it developed?
What are the 2 parts of the food and drugs act?
What are the 2 parts of the food and drugs act?
What are the 8 legal drug classifications in the controlled drugs and substances act, and what is an example of each?
What are the 8 legal drug classifications in the controlled drugs and substances act, and what is an example of each?
Which 3 legal drug classifications in the controlled drugs and substances act have recently been taken out?
Which 3 legal drug classifications in the controlled drugs and substances act have recently been taken out?
What is the definition of the study of the effects of drug on the body and its mechanism of action?
What is the definition of the study of the effects of drug on the body and its mechanism of action?
Summarize the dose-response curve for most drugs.
Summarize the dose-response curve for most drugs.
What is the definition of a therapeutic or adverse reaction that is not due to a pharmacological effect of the drug?
What is the definition of a therapeutic or adverse reaction that is not due to a pharmacological effect of the drug?
What are the 3 types of drug effects?
What are the 3 types of drug effects?
What are the 4 types of adverse drug reactions? (Acronym: system of a down)
What are the 4 types of adverse drug reactions? (Acronym: system of a down)
What is an issue that is usually centered around the cytotoxicity to a drug?
What is an issue that is usually centered around the cytotoxicity to a drug?
What organ has an adverse rection to Tylenol?
What organ has an adverse rection to Tylenol?
What organ has an adverse rection to NSAIDs?
What organ has an adverse rection to NSAIDs?
What 3 organs has an adverse rection to alcohol?
What 3 organs has an adverse rection to alcohol?
What is the definition of study of the time course of a drug and its metabolites in the body after administration by any route?
What is the definition of study of the time course of a drug and its metabolites in the body after administration by any route?
Whta are the 4 aspects that pharmacokinetics study? (Acronym: BEAD)
Whta are the 4 aspects that pharmacokinetics study? (Acronym: BEAD)
What is the definition of the process of drug movement from the administration site to the systemic circulation?
What is the definition of the process of drug movement from the administration site to the systemic circulation?
What are the general 5 routes of administration that affect the drug's absorption?
What are the general 5 routes of administration that affect the drug's absorption?
What are the 3 routes of oral administration?
What are the 3 routes of oral administration?
What are the 4 routes of topical administration?
What are the 4 routes of topical administration?
What are the 6 routes of injection drug administration?
What are the 6 routes of injection drug administration?
What are the 6 general factors affecting drug absorption?
What are the 6 general factors affecting drug absorption?
What are the 6 factors that affect ORAL drug absorption? Acronym: FLSMD)
What are the 6 factors that affect ORAL drug absorption? Acronym: FLSMD)
What is the definition of the extent to which (and sometimes rate at which) the active moiety (drug or metabolite) enters systemic circulation, thereby gaining access to the site of action?
What is the definition of the extent to which (and sometimes rate at which) the active moiety (drug or metabolite) enters systemic circulation, thereby gaining access to the site of action?
What are the 4 steps of the first-pass effect?
What are the 4 steps of the first-pass effect?
What effect does heavy exercise have on gastric emptying?
What effect does heavy exercise have on gastric emptying?
What effect does light exercise have on gastric emptying?
What effect does light exercise have on gastric emptying?
What effect does exercise have on the blood flow to the gut?
What effect does exercise have on the blood flow to the gut?
To what 2 places is a drug distributed immediately after administration?
To what 2 places is a drug distributed immediately after administration?
To what 3 places is a drug distributed the first minute after administration?
To what 3 places is a drug distributed the first minute after administration?
To what 2 places is a drug distributed first several minutes and hours after administration?
To what 2 places is a drug distributed first several minutes and hours after administration?
What is the main limiting factor for drug tissue distribution?
What is the main limiting factor for drug tissue distribution?
What are the 2 physiological factors affecting drug distribution?
What are the 2 physiological factors affecting drug distribution?
What are the 3 categories of local blood flow that affect the distribution of a drug?
What are the 3 categories of local blood flow that affect the distribution of a drug?
What are the 4 physiochemical factors affecting drug distribution? (Acronym: BALP)
What are the 4 physiochemical factors affecting drug distribution? (Acronym: BALP)
What is the difference between a bound and free drug?
What is the difference between a bound and free drug?
What are the 2 definitions of the change of the chemical structure of a drug to get rid of it via conversion by enzymes to more polar/ less lipid soluble forms?
What are the 2 definitions of the change of the chemical structure of a drug to get rid of it via conversion by enzymes to more polar/ less lipid soluble forms?
Where does biotransformation of drugs occur primarily, and what 2 other places does it occur in?
Where does biotransformation of drugs occur primarily, and what 2 other places does it occur in?
How many reactions does biotransformation consist of?
How many reactions does biotransformation consist of?
What two phases does phase 1 of biotransformation consist of?
What two phases does phase 1 of biotransformation consist of?
What are the 3 stages of the first "conversion to polar metabolite" stage of phase 1 of biotransformation?
What are the 3 stages of the first "conversion to polar metabolite" stage of phase 1 of biotransformation?
What are the 3 effects of phase 1 of drug biotransformation?
What are the 3 effects of phase 1 of drug biotransformation?
What needs to occur for a drug in order for it to be in its more effective form?
What needs to occur for a drug in order for it to be in its more effective form?
What is the more active version of cadeine?
What is the more active version of cadeine?
What is the less active version of morphine?
What is the less active version of morphine?
What are the 2 ways to convert codeine to morphine?
What are the 2 ways to convert codeine to morphine?
What are the 2 parts of phase 2 of biotransformation of a drug?
What are the 2 parts of phase 2 of biotransformation of a drug?
What is the definition of the coupling of drug (or its polar metabolite) with an endogenous substance?
What is the definition of the coupling of drug (or its polar metabolite) with an endogenous substance?
What are the 3 potential 3 effects of drug biotransformation?
What are the 3 potential 3 effects of drug biotransformation?
What are the 3 general categories of factors affecting biotransformation of a drug?
What are the 3 general categories of factors affecting biotransformation of a drug?
What is the genetic factor affecting biotransformation of a drug?
What is the genetic factor affecting biotransformation of a drug?
What is the genetic factor affecting biotransformation of a drug?
What is the genetic factor affecting biotransformation of a drug?
What is the environmental factor affecting biotransformation of a drug?
What is the environmental factor affecting biotransformation of a drug?
What is primary physiological factor affecting biotransformation of a drug?
What is primary physiological factor affecting biotransformation of a drug?
What effect does exercise have on blood flow, urine output, and renal clearance?
What effect does exercise have on blood flow, urine output, and renal clearance?
What does exercise do for renal blood flow and urinary pH?
What does exercise do for renal blood flow and urinary pH?
What 2 anatomical structures does the excretion process occur through?
What 2 anatomical structures does the excretion process occur through?
What are the 5 substances that are excreted by the body, and drugs are in?
What are the 5 substances that are excreted by the body, and drugs are in?
What are the 2 net effects of renal excretion?
What are the 2 net effects of renal excretion?
What is it called when a constant AMOUNT of drug is eliminated per unit of time?
What is it called when a constant AMOUNT of drug is eliminated per unit of time?
What is it called when a constant FRACTION of drug is eliminated per unit of time?
What is it called when a constant FRACTION of drug is eliminated per unit of time?
What is it called when the drug elimination kinetics may vary with time and dose (not specific zero or 1st order, but rather a combination of them?)
What is it called when the drug elimination kinetics may vary with time and dose (not specific zero or 1st order, but rather a combination of them?)
What is the definition of the drug interaction between genes and the body?
What is the definition of the drug interaction between genes and the body?
Clinical pharmacokinetics
Clinical pharmacokinetics
In regards to a therapeutic range, what is the concentration that produces half the greatest possible effect called?
In regards to a therapeutic range, what is the concentration that produces half the greatest possible effect called?
In regards to a therapeutic range, what is that which is no more than 5-10% of when patients experience a harmful side effect called?
In regards to a therapeutic range, what is that which is no more than 5-10% of when patients experience a harmful side effect called?
What are 2 examples of narrow therapeutic window drugs?
What are 2 examples of narrow therapeutic window drugs?
What are 2 examples of narrow therapeutic window drugs?
What are 2 examples of narrow therapeutic window drugs?
What is the definition of when a drug's rate of input equals teh drug's rate of loss?
What is the definition of when a drug's rate of input equals teh drug's rate of loss?
What 3 things is drug dosing and frequency related to?
What 3 things is drug dosing and frequency related to?
What is the definition of the time required for the plasma concentration of the drug to be reduced by half?
What is the definition of the time required for the plasma concentration of the drug to be reduced by half?
Generally, when are drugs that are given intermittently given?
Generally, when are drugs that are given intermittently given?
Within how many doses of a drug does steady state typically occur?
Within how many doses of a drug does steady state typically occur?
What is the definition of diminished tolerance to a drug over time?
What is the definition of diminished tolerance to a drug over time?
How quickly does tolerance to a drug develop?
How quickly does tolerance to a drug develop?
When tolerance occurs, what happens to the other agents in the same class?
When tolerance occurs, what happens to the other agents in the same class?
What 3 changes occur to the receptors of the drug?
What 3 changes occur to the receptors of the drug?
How are tolerance and addiction different?
How are tolerance and addiction different?
What is the definition of the extent to which a patient tales the prescribed medication?
What is the definition of the extent to which a patient tales the prescribed medication?
What are the main 4 reasons for nonadherence to a drug?
What are the main 4 reasons for nonadherence to a drug?
How is the drug response different from the elderly than for the young and middle aged? (in 2 ways)
How is the drug response different from the elderly than for the young and middle aged? (in 2 ways)
What are the 3 main reasons for medication errors?
What are the 3 main reasons for medication errors?
Which 2 classes/ kinds of drugs especially look or sound alike?
Which 2 classes/ kinds of drugs especially look or sound alike?
For alcohol, where does the absorption occur, and which portions does 70-80% of it occur?
For alcohol, where does the absorption occur, and which portions does 70-80% of it occur?
For alcohol, what reduces its absorption?
For alcohol, what reduces its absorption?
Which kinds of areas in the body rapidly reach equillibrium for alcohol absorption, what are 4 of these areas, and which one of them is toxic?
Which kinds of areas in the body rapidly reach equillibrium for alcohol absorption, what are 4 of these areas, and which one of them is toxic?
What percentage of alcohol is absorbed into fatty tissues?
What percentage of alcohol is absorbed into fatty tissues?
Who is the volume of distribution less for - women or men? And for that gender, are the blood concentrations higher or lower?
Who is the volume of distribution less for - women or men? And for that gender, are the blood concentrations higher or lower?
How does principle elimination of alcohol occur?
How does principle elimination of alcohol occur?
What percentage of alcohol can be eliminated by urine?
What percentage of alcohol can be eliminated by urine?
What percentage of alcohol can be eliminated by the lungs?
What percentage of alcohol can be eliminated by the lungs?
What percentage of alcohol can be eliminated by liver oxidation?
What percentage of alcohol can be eliminated by liver oxidation?
In order, what are the 5 substances that are required for alcohol metabolism?
In order, what are the 5 substances that are required for alcohol metabolism?
In order, what are the 5 substances that are required for alcohol oxidation?
In order, what are the 5 substances that are required for alcohol oxidation?
Where is alcohol metabolized, and by what substance?
Where is alcohol metabolized, and by what substance?
Where does alcohol oxidation occur?
Where does alcohol oxidation occur?
When acetate is released to the blood, what is it oxidized into?
When acetate is released to the blood, what is it oxidized into?
What are the 3 clinical effects of alcohol?
What are the 3 clinical effects of alcohol?
In what percentage of 3 populations does alcohol dehydrogenase operate 5x than normal?
In what percentage of 3 populations does alcohol dehydrogenase operate 5x than normal?
What 4 effects does alcohol dehydrogenase operating 5x than normal cause?
What 4 effects does alcohol dehydrogenase operating 5x than normal cause?
What percentage of asian populations have Aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 deficiency?
What percentage of asian populations have Aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 deficiency?
What effects does aldehyde dehydrigenase-2 deficiency result in?
What effects does aldehyde dehydrigenase-2 deficiency result in?
What receptor do codeine and morphine act on, and in what 3 organs?
What receptor do codeine and morphine act on, and in what 3 organs?
What is the best opioid receptor antagonist?
What is the best opioid receptor antagonist?
What is the appropriate dosing for codeine and morphine pills, respectively?
What is the appropriate dosing for codeine and morphine pills, respectively?
What is the appropriate time to effect for codeine and morphine pills, respectively?
What is the appropriate time to effect for codeine and morphine pills, respectively?
What is the appropriate duration for codeine and morphine pills, respectively?
What is the appropriate duration for codeine and morphine pills, respectively?
What % of caucasians are either a rapid or poor metabolizer?
What % of caucasians are either a rapid or poor metabolizer?
What are 8 signs of opioid intoxication and overdose? (Acronym: BCCPSSUV)
What are 8 signs of opioid intoxication and overdose? (Acronym: BCCPSSUV)
Flashcards
Capital of France (example flashcard)
Capital of France (example flashcard)
Paris
