Guest Presentation #2 - Doping in Sport

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Questions and Answers

What was the original motto of the International Olympic Committee, and what is it the latin for?

“Citius, Altius, Fortius”, which is Latin for "Faster, Higher, Stronger"

When was the motto of the IOC proposed, and by who?

In 1984, by Pierre do Coubertin

What other layman language motto did Pierre de Coubertin introduce?

The most important thing is not to win but to take part!

In a survey of 198 American Olympic level athletes, how many replied yes to “Would you take a banned substance if it made you win and would not be caught”

<ol start="195"> <li></li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

In a survey of 198 American Olympic level athletes, how many replied yes to “By taking a drug, you would win every competition for the next five years, would not be caught -but would then die from the drug’s side-effects”?

<p>Over 50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which athlete tested positive for stanozol durig the 1988 Seoul Summer Olympic Games, and what did he compete in?

<p>Ben Johnson, in 100m sprinting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What 2 things did Ben Johnson testing positive lead to, and what year did they happen in?

<p>Dublin inquiry - 1990 Creation of the Canadian Anti-Doping Organization - 1991</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the organization that was established 1999 after the First World Congress on Doping in Sport?

<p>World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What year was the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) established?

<p>In 1999.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What year did WADA's home office move to Montreal in?

<p>2001</p> Signup and view all the answers

What year was the WADA code created?

<p>2004</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the core document that harmonizes anti-doping policies, rules and regulations within sport organizations and among public authorities around the world?

<p>WADA code.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What 4 years was the WADA code revised in?

<p>2006 2011 2017 2021</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many standards and guidelines does the WADA code work with?

<p>8 Standards and 12 Guidelines</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are WADA's 8 mandatory international standards? (Acronym: TTELCPPR)

<p>Therapeutic Use Exemptions (TUEs) Testing and Investigations Education Laboratories Code Compliance by Signatories Protection of Privacy and Personal Information Prohibited List Results Management</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are WADA's 12 non-mandatory guidelines? (Acronym: SSTREP GI, HTCG)

<p>Guidelines for Sample Collection Guidelines for Sample Collection Personnel Guidelines for Therapeutic Use Exemptions (TUEs) Guidelines for Results Management Guidelines for Education Guidelines for Privacy Guidelines for Gathering Information and Sharing Intelligence Guidelines for Implementing an Effective Testing Program</p> <p>Laboratory Guidelines: Human Growth Hormone (hGH) Biomarkers Test Laboratory Guidelines: TUE Enquiries by Accredited Laboratories Laboratory Guidelines: Conducting and Reporting Subcontracted Analysis and Further Analysis for Doping Control Laboratory Guidelines: Gene Doping Detection based on Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the 7 main WADA activities? (Acronym: SECCCBAG)

<p>Scientific research, publish annual List of Prohibited Substance and Methods, and manage lab accreditation, TUEs and Athlete Education Code compliance monitoring Cooperation with law enforcement and anti-doping organizations Coordinate anti-doping activities through the Anti-doping Biological Passport Administration and Management System (ADAMS) Athlete outreach Global Anti-doping Development</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was created in 1995 with the merger of the Canadian Centre for Drug Free Sport and Fair Play Canada?

<p>Canadian Centre for Ethics in Sport (CCES)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What organization oversees the Canadian Anti-doping Program including testing?

<p>Canadian Centre for Ethics in Sport (CCES)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of an “ … occurrence of one or more of the anti-doping rule violations set forth in Article 2.1 through Article 2.10 of the Code"?

<p>An anti-doping violation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the presence of a prohibited substance or its metabolites or markers in an athlete’s sample called?

<p>An anti-doping violation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Is the use by an athlete of a prohibited substance or a prohibited method the only requirement for an anti-doping violation?

<p>No, attempted use is included here as well.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is 3 missed tests and/ or filing failures in a 12 months period called, and what do they results in?

<p>Whereabouts failures, and in anti-doping violations</p> Signup and view all the answers

In regards to sample collection/ submission, what 3 things could result in an anti-doping violation?

<p>Evading it Refusing it Failing to do it</p> Signup and view all the answers

What 8 things could result in an anti-doping violation? (Acronym: TTTEUPAW)

<p>The presence of a prohibited substance or its metabolites or markers in an athlete’s sample Trafficking or attempted trafficking in any prohibited substance or prohibited method Tampering or attempted tampering with any part of doping control Evading, refusing or failing to submit to sample collection Use or attempted use by an athlete of a prohibited substance or a prohibited method Possession of a prohibited substance or a prohibited method Administration or attempted administration to any athlete in-competition of any prohibited substance or prohibited method, or administration or attempted administration to any athlete out-of-competition of any prohibited substance or prohibited method that is prohibited out-of-competition Whereabouts Failures - 3 missed tests and/or filing failures in a 12 month period</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition for assisting, encouraging, aiding, abetting, conspiring, covering up or any other type of intentional complicity involving an anti-doping rule violation?

<p>Complicity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition for association with someone who is involved in a violation of anti-doping rules?

<p>Prohibited Association</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many of the 3 criteria must be met for inclusion for drug or method on the prohibited list, and what are the 4 criteria? (acronym: SEEU)

<p>2 of them, and here are the criteria: Substance and method also included if has the potential to mask the use of a prohibited substance or method Evidence for potential to enhance or enhances sport performance (alone or in combination) Evidence for health risk to the athlete Use “violates the spirit of sport” (Fair, ethical and respectful competition)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When are substances that provide performance-enhancing effects in training and during competition prohibited?

<p>All the time/ both in and out of competition</p> Signup and view all the answers

When are substances that provide no long-term performance-enhancing effects when used out-of-competition or during training, but can be advantageous when used in-competition prohibited?

<p>In competition only.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the 9 substance categories that are prohibited all the time by WADA?

<p>S0 - Non-approved Substances S1 - Anabolic Agents S2 - Hormones, Growth Factors, Related Substances and Mimetics S3 - Beta-2 Agonists S4 - Hormone and Metabolic Modulators S5 - Diuretics and Other Masking Agents M1 - Enhancement of Oxygen Transfer M2 - Pharmacological, chemical and physical manipulation M3 - Gene Doping</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the 4 substance categories that are prohibited in competition by WADA?

<p>S6 - stimulants S7 - narcotics S8 - cannabinoids S9 - glucocorticosteroids</p> Signup and view all the answers

In females below 18 years old, what substance is checked?

<p>GnRH</p> Signup and view all the answers

What substance have Russian abused that affects cell metabolism in the mitochondria?

<p>Hypoxen</p> Signup and view all the answers

What substance bust be monitored within the monitoring program that is a mu opioid receptor agonist?

<p>Dermorphin</p> Signup and view all the answers

What NADA prohibited list category does any pharmacological substance which is not addressed by any sections of the List and with no current approval by any governmental regulatory health authority for human therapeutic use fall into?

<p>S0 - Non-approved Substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

What NADA prohibited list category do androgenic/ exogenous agents fall into?

<p>S1 - anabolic agents</p> Signup and view all the answers

Provide 3 examples of anabolic agents

<p>Clenbuterol Zeranol Selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the 6 problems of S1 anabolic agents?

<p>Psychiatric Liver Skeletal-muscular Skin CV General physical</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are 7 male-specific side effects of S1 anabolic agents?

<p>Hair loss Breast development Shrunken testicles Impotence Infertility Decreased sex drive</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the 10 female-specific side effects of S1 anabolic agents?

<p>Shrunken breasts Facial/ body hair Deep voice Clitoral swelling Increased risk of breast cancer Increased risk of osteoporosis Increased risk of anemia Birth defects Irregular periods Cessation of periods</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the 3 primary categories of drugs falling under the S2 - Peptide Hormones, Growth Factors, Related Substances and Mimetics? (Acronym: PEG)

<p>Peptide Hormones and Hormone Modulators Erythropoietin (EPO) and agents affecting erythropoiesis Growth Factors and modulators</p> Signup and view all the answers

What broad kind of drugs falls under the S3 - beta 2 agonists category, and which 3 specific drugs aren't prohibited?

<p>Common asthma medications. The ones that aren't prohibited include inhaled salbutamol, formoterol, and salmeterol.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What maximum dose of salbutamol does WADA allow at one time, and in what time period?

<p>1600 ug in 24 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

What maximum dose of formoterol does WADA allow at one time, and in what time period?

<p>54 ug in 24 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

What maximum dose of salmeterol does WADA allow at one time, and in what time period?

<p>200 ug in 24 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the athlete that was originally banned while racing in the 2017 Vuelta a Espana with urine salbutamol of 2000 ng/ml?

<p>Chris Froome</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which athlete was cleared by WADA/UCI after evidence showed result was within his expected range of variation due to dehydration?

<p>Chris Froome</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which athlete abused S4 - hormone and metabolic modulators by testing positive for meldoniumin January, 2016, and being banned from 2016 Rio Summer Olympic Games?

<p>Maria Sharapova</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are 6 examples of S4 hormone and metabolic modulators? (Acronym: AAMMOS)

<p>Anti-bodies against myostatin Aromatase Inhibitors (decrease estrogen production) –anastrozole, testolactone Modifiers of myostatin function Metabolic Modulators (Insulin, activators of the AMP-activated protein kinases, meldonium) Other anti-estrogen substances (clomiphene) Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs) (tamoxifen, raloxifene)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are 2 examples of aromatase inhibitors?

<p>Anastrozole Testolactone</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are 3 examples of metabolic modulators?

<p>Insulin Activators of the AMP-activated protein kinases Meldonium</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are 2 examples of Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators?

<p>Tamoxifen Raloxifene</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are 3 categories of S5 diuretic and masking agents? (acronym: DDP)

<p>Diuretics Diuretic/ masking agent + drug Plasma expanders</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are 4 examples of S5 diuretics and masking agents?

<p>Acetazolamide Furosemide HCTZ Spironolactone</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are 4 examples of plasma expanders in the S5 diuretics and masking agent category? (Acronym: HMID)

<p>Hydroxyethyl starch Mannitol IV albumin Dextran</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the drugs that could be combined with a diuretic or masking agent to then be a S5 diuretic and masking agent on the WADA prohibited list?

<p>Salbutamol Ephedrine Cathine Methylephedrine Pseudoephedrine Formoterol</p> Signup and view all the answers

What 3 general categories fall under the M1 enhancement of oxygen transfer? (Acronym: BPI)

<p>Blood doping Products that enhance uptake, transport or delivery of oxygen IV manipulation of blood or blood components</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are 5 examples of products that enhance uptake, transport or delivery of oxygen (Acronym: EEBPM)

<p>EPO Efaproxiral Blood substitutes Perfluorochemicals Microencapsulated hemoglobin products</p> Signup and view all the answers

Signup and view all the answers

What is the exception to the "Intravenous infusions or injections > 100 ml/12 hours" rule that falls under the M2 chemical and physical manipulation category?

<p>Legitimate medical treatment, surgical procedures and diagnostic investigations</p> Signup and view all the answers

When was the most recent example of M2 chemical and physical manipulation?

<p>2014 Sochi Winter Olympic Games Russian state-run doping program ran by Dr. Grigory Rodchenkov</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the person that developed and distributed banned performance-enhancing substances to Russian Olympic athletes from 2005 to 2015?

<p>Dr. Grigory Rodchenkov</p> Signup and view all the answers

Is it allowed by WADA to do elective IV rehydration for weight class sports?

<p>No.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are 3 banned ways to do M3 gene doping (WADA)?

<p>Use polymers of nucleic acids or nucleic acid analogues Use of gene editing agents designed to alter genome sequences and/or the transcriptional or epigenetic regulation of gene expression Use of normal or genetically modified genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match these S6 stimulants with their restrictions

<h1>=</h1> <h1>=</h1> <h1>=</h1> Signup and view all the answers

Which athlete tested positive for pseudo-ephedrine after taking OTC decongestant at the 1995 Pan Am Games?

<p>Silken Lauman</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition for the unintentional consumption of prohibited substances?

<p>Inadvertent doping.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the 3 substances that are the reason for inadvertent doping?

<p>Medication Contaminated dietary supplements Contaminated food</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the Canadian bobsledder that tested positive for nandrolone in August 2007 (out-of-competition testing), and got a 20-month suspension, missed competing in the 2010 Vancouver Winter Games, traced source of nandralone to contaminated supplement he was taking, sued and won a $437,500 settlement from supplement company?

<p>Serge Despres</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the Canadian canoeist that tested positive for Ligandrol(SARM) in July 2019 (out-of-competition testing), and admitted to taking SR9011 which has been found to be contaminated with Ligandrol...the International Canoe Federation anti-doping panel rules that teh athlete did not knowingly take Ligandrol - it occurred because of transmission of bodily fluids between the athlete's significant other, and won silver and bronze medals at 2020 Tokyo Summer Olympic games?

<p>Laurence Vincent Lapointe</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are 7 substances included in the S7 narcotics portion of the WADA prohibited list? (Acronym: HOPFMT)

<p>Heroin Oxycodone Percocet Fentanyl Morphine Meperidin Tramadol</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are 3 broad categories of S8 cannabinoids in the WADA prohibited list?

<p>Natural Synthetic Cannabidiol</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are 3 natural cannabioids?

<p>Cannabis Hashish Marijuana</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are 2 examples of synthetics?

<p>THC Cannibimimetics</p> Signup and view all the answers

Is cannabidiol on the WADA prohibited list?

<p>No.</p> Signup and view all the answers

By what routes are glucocorticosteroids considered a banned drug?

<p>Oral IV IM Rectal</p> Signup and view all the answers

What 3 kinds of S9 corticosteroids are banned by WADA?

<p>Topical Ophthalmologic Inhaled</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what 3 sports are P1 beta blockers always banned?

<p>Archery Shooting Mini Golf</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what 10 sports are P1 beta blockers prohibited only out of competition?

<p>Automobile Billiards Darts Golf Shooting Ski jumping Freestyle Aerials/half pipe Snowboard halfpipe and big air Underwater sports</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the 4 populations/ sports demographics that are a part of the testing pool?

<p>Athletes who compete nationally and internationally Athletes competing in sports with higher doping risk University level athletes Within 18 months after retiring</p> Signup and view all the answers

What 3 things is drug testing selection based on?

<p>Finishing position Random selection Targeted test</p> Signup and view all the answers

When and where does out of competition testing take place?

<p>Anytime and anywhere, unannounced.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the 5 instances when targeted testing could take place?

<p>Injury Withdrawal or absence from expected competition Going into or coming out of retirement Behavior indicating doping Sudden major improvement in performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

How often must athletes submit reports for athlete whereabouts, and on what dates?

<p>March 15 June 15 Sept 15 Dec 15</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must an athlete indicate throughout each quarter that an athlete guarantees their location and accessibility for an unannounced out-of-competition testing?

<p>A 60-minute time slot each day.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many whereabouts strikes/ failures may result in a doping violation?

<p>3</p> Signup and view all the answers

Is evading a test separate to a whereabouts failure?

<p>Yes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What 2 substances are tested for doping?

<p>Urine Venous blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of the indirect detection of doping by serial measurement of biomarkers rather than by direct detection of a prohibited substance?

<p>Athlete biological passport.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the 3 modules of the athlete biological passport testing?

<p>Hematological Steroidal Endocrinological</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the hematological module of athlete biological passport testing detect?

<p>Blood doping.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the steroidal module of athlete biological passport testing detect?

<p>Anabolic doping.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the endocrinological module of athlete biological passport testing detect?

<p>Growth factor doping.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must athletes apply for if they have illnesses or conditions that require them to take medications that fall under WADA’s Prohibited List, which would authorize them to use that medication?

<p>Therapeutic use exemption (TUE)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are 3 common medications that fall under the prohibited medication category that could be exempt for those that need them?

<p>Insulin for Type I diabetes Diuretic for high blood pressure Stimulant for ADHD</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who are therapeutic use exemptions completed by?

<p>By the physician who is prescribing prohibited medication(s)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who are therapeutic use exemptions reviewed by?

<p>By the TUE committee.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What may be requested if the A sample is positive for an anti-doping violation?

<p>A B sample.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What the definition for a period of ineligibility to participate in sport?

<p>A sanction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the 4 areas that athletes are not allowed to participate in after they are sanctioned?

<p>Role Competition or activity Level of sport Every other competitive sport</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the length of the sanction for the first violation for presence, use or possession?

<p>Either two or four years.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the length of the sanction for non-intentional presence of specified substances?

<p>Two years.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the length of the first violation for trafficking or administration?

<p>Four years to life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the length of the first violation for a whereabouts violation?

<p>1-2 years.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the length of the sanction for a second violation based on?

<p>On previous and current type of anti-doping violation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the length of the sanction for a third violation?

<p>Always lifetime.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What 3 other disqualification and loss effects are there from sanctions?

<p>Of individual results, including forfeiture of medals, points, and prizes Of results subsequent to the initial tests sample Loss of privileges at a college or university Financial (loss of sponsorship, federal/ provincial funding)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the resource that is used for putting drug into its database and determining its status, and gives record of request and response?

<p>Global DRO.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Capital of France (example flashcard)

Paris

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