Workplace Safety and Accident Investigation
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Questions and Answers

What is a primary cause of bodily reactions mentioned?

  • Inadequate hydration
  • Prolonged physical exercise
  • Exposure to cold weather
  • Stress from body movement or position (correct)

    • What is the first step in the seven-step process of accident investigation?

  • Securing the accident scene (correct)
  • Developing the sequence of events
  • Conducting interviews
  • Writing the report

    • What is the primary purpose of an accident investigation?

  • To assign blame to individuals
  • To determine the facts of the incident (correct)
  • To conduct training sessions
  • To formulate new safety policies

    • Who should investigate an accident according to best practices?

    <p>At least two competent persons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the OSHA Form 300?

    <p>To classify injuries and illnesses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of workers' compensation?

    <p>It provides coverage for work-related injuries and illnesses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must employers determine regarding injuries or illnesses?

    <p>If they are work-related</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a Preliminary Hazard Analysis (PHA)?

    <p>To identify potentially hazardous components during the design phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which analysis technique uses a deductive 'top-down' approach?

    <p>Functional Hazard Analysis (FHA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Series Reliability indicate in a system?

    <p>The entire system fails if any individual component fails</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating Parallel Reliability?

    <p>Rsystem = 1 - {(1 - R1)(1 - R2)...(1 - Rn)}</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the acronym MBO stand for in management concepts?

    <p>Management by Objectives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the responsibilities of employees regarding hazardous conditions?

    <p>Report hazardous conditions to a supervisor or safety committee</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must an employer do during an OSHA inspection?

    <p>Accompany the compliance officer on the inspection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum duration for posting OSHA citations?

    <p>3 days or until the violation has been abated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What approach does the law use to determine responsibility in cases of misuse?

    <p>Test of foreseeability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is included in OSHA recordkeeping regulations?

    <p>Records of work-related fatalities, injuries, and illnesses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Job Safety Analysis (JSA) focus on?

    <p>Breaking a job into basic steps and identifying hazards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the highest priority for OSHA inspections?

    <p>Imminent danger situations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can help a manufacturer minimize liability?

    <p>Defending in design, manufacturing, packaging, and the marketplace</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which record is not generally part of OSHA's required documentation?

    <p>Workplace satisfaction surveys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary responsibilities of OSHA?

    <p>Encouraging employers to reduce workplace hazards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT covered under the OSH Act?

    <p>Private sector employees</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is true regarding OSHA inspections?

    <p>OSHA requires a warrant to conduct an inspection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Log of Work-Related Injuries and Illnesses (OSHA Form 300) document?

    <p>Classification of work-related injuries and illnesses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of conducting a Cost-Benefit Analysis in a company?

    <p>To assess the return on investment from training costs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the behavior-based safety (BBS) approach?

    <p>Promoting positive consequences for appropriate behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of a PERT chart?

    <p>It shows critical paths and key relationships among tasks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of insurance involves creating a large reserve fund for claims?

    <p>Self-insured benefits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory of liability involves holding a party responsible regardless of negligence?

    <p>Strict liability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an aim of the Behavior-Based Safety program?

    <p>To define clear expectations of safe behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which reliability model ensures that the failure of any single component leads to the failure of the entire system?

    <p>Series Reliability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct formula for calculating System Reliability in a parallel system?

    <p>Rsystem = 1 – (1 − R1)(1 − R2)...(1 − Rn)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about human behavior in the workplace is accurate?

    <p>Mature workers prefer a degree of independence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the acronym SMART stand for in the context of setting effective health and safety goals?

    <p>Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic/Relevant, Time-bound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following failure impact classifications represents the most severe consequences?

    <p>Catastrophic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which element is NOT considered part of an effective accountability system?

    <p>Irregular assessments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Heinrich's model based on when discussing safety?

    <p>Engineering, Education, Enforcement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The correct supervisor-to-employee ratio for effective span of control is typically recommended as?

    <p>1 supervisor per 5 employees</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements regarding traditional safety performance measurements is true?

    <p>They have limited or no predictive use for future incidents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept describes the tendency of organizations to not make all decisions at the top levels?

    <p>Conflict theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Types of Bodily Reactions

    • Bodily reactions can be caused by stress from body movement or unnatural positions
    • Overexposure to harmful energy, lack of energy, or substances are leading causes of injury

    System Causation Theory

    • Focuses on fixing the system, not assigning blame
    • Discipline is inappropriate if the safety management system fails employees.

    Accident Investigation

    • The goal is to determine facts, not assign blame.
    • A seven-step process includes securing and documenting the accident scene, conducting interviews, analyzing event sequences, determining solutions, and writing the report.

    Characteristics of Accident Investigation

    • At least two trained investigators should be involved.
    • Reports address surface and root causes for accidents.
    • Recommendations to correct hazards and unsafe work practices are included in the report.

    OSHA Recordkeeping

    • OSHA Form 300 classifies work-related injuries and illnesses, detailing extent and severity.
    • Aims to collect, compile, and analyze nationwide data on work injuries and illnesses.
    • Employers maintain a separate OSHA 300 Log for each establishment operating a year or more.
    • OSHA 300A summarizes work-related injuries and illnesses.

    Workers' Compensation

    • Provides medical coverage and compensation for workers injured or made ill at work.

    Injury and Illness Reporting

    • An injury or illness is work-related if it's caused or significantly aggravated by a work environment event or exposure.
    • Employers must determine if workplace factors contributed to an injury or illness.

    Safety Culture

    • OSHA defines safety culture as a combination of attitudes, behaviours, beliefs, values, and ways of doing things in an organization.

    Management Styles

    • Directive Democrat: allows employee participation but closely supervises
    • Directive Autocrat: makes decisions unilaterally, closely supervising
    • Permissive Democrat: allows employee participation and gives employees latitude

    Accident Theories

    • Heinrich's Domino Theory: unsafe acts, unsafe conditions, social traits, injury, accident
    • Human Factors Theory: accidents result entirely from human error.
    • Accident/Incident Theory: additional factors like ergonomic traps, decision to err, and system failures are involved
    • Systems Theory: accidents are a relationship between humans, machines, and surroundings.
    • Energy Release Theory: accidents involve transferring energy, usually in high amounts rapidly
    • Combination Theory: Several factors combine to cause accidents.

    Health and Safety Program Audits

    • Document review, employee interviews, and site conditions are methods of conducting health and safety program audits.
    • A comprehensive health and safety program should include management commitment, employee involvement, worksite analysis, hazard prevention and control, and safety training.

    ANSI Standards

    • ANSI standards are created considering the stakeholders.
    • The seven sections of Z 10 cover management leadership, employee participation, planning, implementation, evaluation, corrective action, and management review.

    Employee Rights and Responsibilities

    • Employees have the right to access medical records and exposure records.
    • Employees should: read OSHA posters, follow safety rules and wear required equipment, follow safe work practices, report hazards to supervisors, and report hazards to OSHA if the employer doesn't fix them, and expect safety and health without reprisal.

    OSHA Inspections and Process

    • During an OSHA inspection, the employer must be advised by the officer of the reason for inspection, provide identification of the officer, accompany the officer, and ensure confidentiality of trade secrets.
    • Inspections prioritize imminent danger, catastrophes, employee complaints, and programmed high-hazard inspections.
    • Follow up inspections are also taken.

    OSHA Citations

    • Citations will be sent via certified mail.
    • The employer must display citations for at least three days.
    • OSHA record-keeping regulations require employers to maintain records of work-related fatalities, injuries, and illnesses.

    Misuse and Foreseeability

    • In cases of misuse, courts assess "foreseeability" to determine if misuse was anticipated.
    • Suppliers are responsible for risks introduced by their products.

    Liability and Records

    • Manufacturers/sellers can minimize liability by defending in court, using attorneys, using engineers to prevent lawsuits, or utilizing proper documentation.
    • Necessary records and reports include incident reports, training records, exposures and condition records, and equipment testing details.

    Job Safety Analysis and Risk Assessment

    • Job Safety Analysis (JSA) involves breaking down jobs into steps and identifying associated hazards.
    • JSA also prescribes controls for each hazard.
    • Gross Hazard Analysis is a quick risk assessment used in accident investigations.
    • The bathtub curve shows the typical failure rate of a product over time.

    Probability and Statistics

    • Series Reliability (R = R1 x R2 x ... Rn): calculates the probability that a system will work if all individual components are functional.
    • Parallel Reliability (Rsystem = 1 - (1 - R1)(1 - R2)...(1-Rn)): indicates probability that the system will work even if one component fails, as there are multiple paths.
    • Probability of Failure (Pf) = 1-Ps, where Ps is the probability of success for a system.

    Human Behavior and Error

    • Argyris Theory: employee behaviour depends on whether treated like children or adults.
    • Heinrich's 3 "E's" of Safety: Engineering, Education, Enforcement.
    • Conflict Theory: Leveling where bosses don't make all decisions (related to organizations)
    • Incongruence Theory: Mature workers desire independence.
    • Drucker's Management by Objectives (MBO)

    Classifying Failure Impacts

    • Catastrophic
    • Critical
    • Marginal
    • Negligible

    Health and Safety Performance

    • Essential elements of an effective accountability system include predefined standards, resources, measurement system, and consequences.
    • Traditional safety measures like TCIRs and DARTs have limited predictiveness.
    • SMART goals (Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, Time-bound) are better for safety performance.

    OSHA Overview

    • The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) was created within the Department of Labor.
    • OSHA's main responsibilities include encouraging safety and health standards, providing research and developing innovative solutions, establishing standards and rights for employers and employees, maintaining injury/illness record-keeping, developing safety standards, and enforcing them.

    Coverage under the OSH Act

    • The OSH Act covers all private sector employers in US states and territories.

    OSHA Rules and Regulations

    • OSHA requires warrants to inspect workplaces (Marshall v. Barlow's)
    • Horizontal standards cover broad industries, like fire safety.
    • Vertical standards are industry-specific, such as construction safety.
    • Employers must follow workplace conditions, minimize hazards and use warnings or signs to warn potentially unsafe environments.

    OSHA Recordkeeping System

    • OSHA 300 Log is used to document work injuries.
    • OSHA 300A summarizes the 300 Log.
    • Record keeping documents should be kept for at least 5 years.

    Workers' Compensation

    • Primarily covers medical coverage and compensation for employees injured or made ill at work.
    • Laws vary from one state to another.
    • Compensability is not dependent on fault.

    Behavior Theory (Behavior-Based Safety)

    • Intervention techniques focus on identifying and fixing root causes to improve worker behavior for safety.

    Cost-Benefit Analysis

    • Conducted to estimate the investment return of a company's safety training.
    • It helps organizations assess if a safety initiative is worthwhile in terms of time, money spent and energy expended.
    • ROI (Return on Investment) and payback periods are frequently reviewed as part of a cost-benefit evaluation, showing the time required for investment recovery.

    Insurance and Liability

    • Various types of insurance include private insurance (company plans) and self-insurance (reserve funds for claims)
    • Insurance premiums are based on payroll.
    • Self insured companies must have sufficient reserves for claims.

    Charts and Graphs

    • PERT Charts (Program Evaluation and Review Technique) display tasks and relationships in a project
    • Used in planning, progress monitoring and in identifying critical paths.

    Hazard Analysis Techniques

    • Hazard Analysis procedures involve evaluating potential dangers in various stages (early design or during operation).
    • Techniques include identifying hazards using specific terms like more/less/no flow.
    • The results are summarized in tables, or using logic diagrams.
    • Preliminary Hazard Analysis (PHA) assesses risks for the system in design and use.

    System Analysis Techniques

    • Systems Hazard Analysis (SHA) identifies incompatible interactions within systems, evaluating potential failure points.
    • Critical Incident Techniques (CIT) involves interviewing individuals about mishaps or near misses to understand underlying causes and potential system failures, and in developing more effective processes.
    • Event Tree Analysis (ETA) focuses on forward analysis with an initiating event to identify potential downstream failures.
    • Cause-Effect Diagrams, as well as Ishikawa diagrams, identify all relevant factors (influencing components) for a failure, using a structured method.

    Safety Management

    • Heinrich's 3 "E's" (Engineering, Education, Enforcement) of safety management are a common foundation.
    • Management styles and decision-making processes are important, as well as worker motivation.
    • The emphasis that employees have a desire for independence or that their roles are carefully delineated (or not), are also elements of safety programs.

    Reliability and Fault Tolerance

    • A series-connected system's reliability is the product of its individual components.
    • A parallel-connected system's reliability is 1 minus the product of individual components' failure probabilities.
    • Probability of system failure is 1 minus the probability of success (Pf = 1 - Ps).

    Probability and Statistics

    • Statistical calculation and probability methods help determine risk or performance.

    Accident Analysis

    • Accidents are often complex, arising from multiple factors that act together.
    • Heinrich's domino theory: unsafe acts, unsafe conditions, and unavoidable events.
    • Multiple Cause Theory: accidents arise from a combination of unrelated or related actions interacting to cause an incident.

    Classification and Measurement

    • Classifying failure impacts involves categorizing effects into four levels (catastrophic, critical, marginal, negligible).
    • Likert scales measure attitude preferences and subjective opinions or reactions.

    Epidemiological Theory

    • Focuses on the relationship between environmental factors and disease.

    William Haddon's Energy Theory

    • Accidents involve energy transfer or release.

    Multiple Factor Theories

    • Accident causation is often a combination of factors.
    • 4 Ms: man, machine, media, and management

    Management Styles

    • Directive Autocrat
    • Directive Democrat
    • Permissive Democrat

    OSHA Regulations on Reporting

    • Reporting work-related fatalities, in-patient hospitalizations, and serious injuries within set time limits.
    • Ensuring accurate and complete record-keeping.

    Employee Participation

    • Engaging employees in safety programs and suggesting recommendations.
    • Providing a forum for employee input.

    Safety Recognition Programs

    • Involving employee representatives for safety committees.
    • Periodic meetings and safety discussions.
    • Employee participation in problem solving.

    Change Analysis (Management of Change)

    • Best practice to ensure safety, health and environmental risks are controlled when making changes.
    • Involves evaluating layouts, materials, and technologies.
    • Changes in work processes require assessment.

    Accident Analysis

    • Identifies causal factors for accidents, such as unsafe behaviours, conditions, and system weaknesses.
    • Domino theory, Heinrich's theory of accidents, multiple causes and factors of the accident are common elements analyzed.

    Communication Styles

    • Communication styles (passive, aggressive, and assertive) can influence safety interactions.

    Contingency Planning

    • Development of plans to reduce the impact of disruptions.

    Management Theories

    • Leadership theories like Likert, BHR, Deming, and Drucker's MBO are relevant.

    OSHA Regulations on Documentation and Retention

    • Records of work-related injuries and illnesses (OSHA Form 300).
    • Other OSHA forms and records.
    • Timeframes for retention of records and reports.

    Critical Path Method (CPM)

    • CPM determines the most efficient path to complete an objective or project.
    • Identifies task durations and dependencies.

    Cost of Lost (COL)

    • Calculating the cost associated with lost productivity due to injuries.

    Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)

    • FEMA's role in emergency preparedness, mitigation, and response.

    History of Workers' Compensation

    • Overview of compensation laws, including common-law defenses.
    • Laws vary by jurisdiction.

    Insurance and Premiums

    • Insurance and premiums for workplace incidents and injuries.

    Third-Party Lawsuits

    • Employee rights to sue manufacturers or other parties in workplace incidents.

    Theories of Liability

    • Various legal aspects of liability like warranty, negligence, and strict liability.

    Reducing Liability Risks

    • Methods employers can use to reduce potential legal liability in accidents and injuries.

    Job Safety Analysis (JSA)

    • Steps to conduct a job safety analysis (JSA) including identifying hazards and controlling situations to prevent accidents.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on workplace safety protocols, accident investigation processes, and the responsibilities of employers and employees in maintaining a safe environment. This quiz covers essential regulations, including OSHA standards and workers' compensation. Prepare to assess your understanding of safety management concepts.

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