PHAR 205 L6

Which type of study design involves the researcher actively intervening to assign exposures?

In what way do analytic observational studies differ from descriptive observational studies?

A researcher documents a rare and unusual adverse reaction to a new medication in a single patient. This is an example of what kind of study?

A physician collects data on ten patients who developed the same rare disease over the past year, detailing their symptoms, treatments, and outcomes. What kind of study is this?

What key characteristic defines a randomized controlled trial?

A researcher aims to determine the prevalence of asthma among school children in a city, surveying a representative sample of students at one point in time. What type of study are they conducting?

Which study design is best suited to investigate the potential causes of a rare disease?

Which type of epidemiology primarily focuses on generating hypotheses rather than testing them?

In observational studies, what distinguishes an analytic approach from a descriptive approach?

Researchers follow a group of healthy individuals over several years to observe the development of heart disease, recording their diets and exercise habits. What kind of study is this?

If a researcher is studying a new disease outbreak and publishes a detailed profile of the first few patients, including their symptoms and medical history, what type of study is this considered?

A study aims to determine the prevalence of asthma among children in a school district at a single point in time. Data is collected through questionnaires distributed to parents. What type of observational study design is this?

Which of the following study designs is most suitable for investigating the potential causes of a rare disease?

A group of researchers plan to follow a cohort of healthy individuals over 10 years to observe the incidence of cardiovascular disease, while also collecting data on their diet and exercise habits. What is the primary goal of this study?

What is a key difference between an analytic cross-sectional study and a descriptive cross-sectional study?

In which study design do researchers typically begin by identifying a group of individuals who already have the outcome of interest?

Which type of epidemiology is MOST suitable for determining the efficacy of a new drug in treating a specific disease?

What is the primary goal of descriptive epidemiology?

An epidemiologist observes that coffee consumption is statistically associated with a lower risk of a certain type of cancer. What type of epidemiology would be used to evaluate this relationship?

A researcher aims to understand the prevalence of diabetes in different age groups within a city. Which epidemiological approach is MOST appropriate for this study?

Which study design is classified as both epidemiologic and observational?

What differentiates an experimental epidemiologic study from an analytic epidemiologic study?

A hospital implements a new protocol for post-operative care, including regular coffee administration to patients, aiming to reduce the incidence of postoperative ileus. To evaluate the effectiveness of this new protocol, which type of epidemiological study would be MOST suitable?

Which of the following study designs would be MOST effective in determining if coffee consumption causes a reduction in postoperative ileus?

Which of the following best describes the primary goal of descriptive epidemiology?

In analytic epidemiology, what is the main objective when investigating the relationship between exposure and outcome?

A researcher is conducting a study to determine if there is a link between a new drug and patient satisfaction. According to the 'Big Picture' concept of analytic epidemiology, what are the exposure and outcome in this scenario?

A study finds that individuals who regularly consume coffee have a lower risk of developing type 2 diabetes. What type of epidemiology is most likely being used in this investigation?

Which of the following is NOT a typical application of analytic epidemiology?

A public health department wants to understand the distribution of influenza cases within their county during flu season. Which type of epidemiology would be most appropriate for this task?

A research team is investigating whether a new dietary intervention can reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. What would be the 'exposure' in this study, according to analytic epidemiology principles?

What distinguishes analytic epidemiology from descriptive epidemiology?

A case series is published describing five patients who developed a rare form of pneumonia after being treated with a new immunosuppressant drug. What is the MOST likely purpose of this case series?

Which research question is BEST addressed by a cross-sectional study?

A researcher aims to study the prevalence of diabetes and its association with obesity in a metropolitan city. Which study design is MOST appropriate for this research?

A clinician observes an unexpected therapeutic effect of a drug in two patients with a rare genetic disorder. Which study design would be MOST appropriate for reporting this observation?

Which of the following is a key limitation of a case series study design?

In a cross-sectional study examining the relationship between exercise and heart disease, data on both exercise habits and the presence of heart disease are collected simultaneously. What is a potential limitation of this study design in determining causality?

A researcher wants to determine the prevalence of anxiety disorders among university students at a specific university. Which study design would be MOST appropriate?

A case series reports on five patients who developed Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS) after starting a new medication. What conclusion can be drawn based SOLELY on this case series?

In an analytic cross-sectional study, what does comparing the odds of an outcome between exposed and non-exposed groups help to determine?

In the context of odds ratio (OR) interpretation, how should an OR of less than 1 be interpreted?

What type of study design is best suited to measure the prevalence of a disease and associated health behaviours in a population at a single point in time?

In an analytic cross-sectional study, what calculation is performed after categorizing participants into exposed/not exposed and outcome/no outcome groups?

In an analytic cross-sectional study, individuals are categorized into four groups: exposed with the outcome (A), exposed without the outcome (B), not exposed with the outcome (C), and not exposed without the outcome (D). How is the odds ratio calculated using these groups?

If a study finds an odds ratio (OR) of 1, how should this be interpreted in the context of association between exposure and outcome?

What is a key limitation of descriptive cross-sectional studies regarding the establishment of cause-and-effect relationships?

In an analytical cross-sectional study examining the relationship between coffee consumption and anxiety levels, researchers find an odds ratio of 0.5. What does this suggest?

Experimental Epidemiology

Descriptive Epidemiology

Analytic Epidemiology

Goal of Experimental Epidemiology

Goal of Descriptive Epidemiology

Goal of Analytic Epidemiology

Experimental Study Design

Observational Studies

Analytic Epidemiology Goal

Exposure (in Epidemiology)

Outcome (in Epidemiology)

Association (in Epidemiology)

Statin (example)

Disease Outcome (example)

Experimental study

Observational study

Randomized Controlled Trial

Descriptive study

Analytic study

Case Report

Case Series

Cross-sectional study

Epidemiology

Descriptive Observational Studies

Analytic Observational Studies

Cross-sectional Study (Descriptive)

Case-control Study

What case series DO

What case series DON'T do

Descriptive cross-sectional study

Prevalence

Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study Focus

Analytic cross-sectional study

Odds Ratio (OR)

Odds outcomeexposed

Odds outcomenot exposed

OR > 1

OR < 1