PHAR 4813
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Questions and Answers

What triggers the release of the nanoparticle in the S.aureus protease biosensor?

  • Magnetic attraction
  • Direct contact with gold
  • Exposure to light
  • Enzymatic cleavage of the amide bond (correct)

    • What is the purpose of the external magnets in the biosensor system?

  • To immobilize the sensor
  • To cool the sensor platform
  • To attract nanoparticles for detection (correct)
  • To enhance color resolution

    • What does the color change from black to gold in the S.aureus protease biosensor signify?

  • Successful enzymatic activity (correct)
  • Binding of aptamer
  • Presence of M.tuberculosis
  • Loss of substrate

    • In the aptamer-based Latent TB Infection Test, what is the role of the 3’-biotin-labelled aptamer?

    <p>To recognize mannose-capped lipoarabinomannan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of using horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in the Latent TB Infection Test?

    <p>To catalyze the oxidation of TMB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic is NOT required for a bacterial surveillance method?

    <p>Complexity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the detection method used in the Latent TB Infection Test?

    <p>It employs colorimetric detection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of the reaction between HRP and TMB in the presence of hydrogen peroxide?

    <p>Change of TMB from colorless to blue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the quantitation limit for ManLAM when detecting bacteria?

    <p>10^4 CFU/mL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following properties is dependent on particle size?

    <p>Melting point</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the high ratio of surface area to volume in nanoscale materials contribute to?

    <p>Increased energy absorbance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the recombinant hepatitis B vaccine produced?

    <p>By inserting a plasmid into yeast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of nanoparticles allows for strong absorption at specific wavelengths?

    <p>Localized surface plasmon resonance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What historical milestone is associated with the recombinant hepatitis B vaccine?

    <p>First licensed vaccine produced by recombinant DNA technology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do gold nanoparticles display a red color in dispersion?

    <p>Due to localized surface plasmon resonance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does nanoscience primarily deal with?

    <p>Materials at meso-scale dimensions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of decreasing particle size to below 5 nm in gold particles?

    <p>Decreased melting point</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'nanoscale' emphasize in materials science?

    <p>High ratio of surface area to volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of biologicals in medical applications?

    <p>To treat, prevent, diagnose, or modify physiological processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What document must be listed for a Class 1 application in the therapeutic goods regulation?

    <p>Schedule 16 of Therapeutic Goods Regulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a use of biologicals?

    <p>To serve as a dietary supplement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of application does not require Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP)?

    <p>Class 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major legislation regulates genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in Australia?

    <p>Gene Technology Act 2000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of the User's Guide in relation to the Gene Technology Act?

    <p>To offer plain English context for regulations and the Act</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following materials is currently listed in Schedule 16 of the Therapeutic Goods Regulation for Class 1 application?

    <p>Faecal microbiota transplant material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which option best describes the outcome of the Gene Technology Act 2000?

    <p>It established a national scheme for GMO regulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phenomenon describes the collective oscillation of conduction band electrons in response to incident light?

    <p>Surface plasmon resonance (SPR)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the size of metal nanoparticles affect their surface plasmon resonance?

    <p>Larger nanoparticles lead to red-shifts in their SPR.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does aggregation of nanoparticles have on the surface plasmon band?

    <p>The band red-shifts due to interparticle coupling.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following trends is exhibited by the emission color of quantum dots as their size increases?

    <p>It shifts from blue to green to red.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic of Au nanorods influences their longitudinal surface plasmon resonance?

    <p>Aspect ratio (L/W ratio)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the band gap of quantum dots as their size increases?

    <p>It decreases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of light emission is observed when electrons in quantum dots return to the valence band?

    <p>Radiative emission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does uneven excitation of free electrons in larger nanoparticles affect surface plasmon resonance?

    <p>It causes a red-shift of the SPR.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a liposome?

    <p>A sealed compartment formed by phospholipid bilayers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) is correct?

    <p>LSPR can be found in nanosized structures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary model currently used to describe mRNA-LNPs?

    <p>Core-shell model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    As of 2023, what is projected to be the global market size for protein therapeutics?

    <p>USD 605.38 Billion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism allows semaglutide to enhance its absorption in the stomach?

    <p>Increase in gastric pH via SNAC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which generation of therapeutic proteins is defined by modified structures to improve specificity and efficacy?

    <p>Second generation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why must proteins typically be injected rather than taken orally?

    <p>They rapidly degrade in the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant milestone in the treatment of type 2 diabetes as mentioned in the content?

    <p>The first oral GLP-1 receptor agonist formulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of nanocarrier is designed to respond to external stimuli such as light or temperature?

    <p>Stimuli-responsive nanocarriers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of PEGylation in therapeutic proteins?

    <p>To improve therapeutic effectiveness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of GLP-1 in the human body?

    <p>Promoting satiety and reducing energy intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Therapeutic Goods Act, 1989 aim to ensure?

    <p>Quality, safety, efficacy, and timely availability of therapeutic goods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of medicines includes those that require a prescription?

    <p>Prescription medicines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected outcome of oral administration of semaglutide regarding hypoglycemia risk?

    <p>Low risk for hypoglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which development pathway is NOT typically part of medical devices?

    <p>Gene therapy isolation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the protein capsid in viral vectors?

    <p>To encapsulate the genetic payload and determine cell tropism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are lentiviral and retroviral vectors particularly suited for dividing cells?

    <p>They can effectively integrate into the cell genome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What gene is targeted by the Luxturna therapy to restore vision?

    <p>RPE65 gene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of compound is Lipofectamine primarily composed of?

    <p>Cationic lipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of small interfering RNA (siRNA)?

    <p>To inhibit gene expression by targeting mRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) is true?

    <p>It contains proteins like AGO2 and Dicer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of RNA molecules are primarily involved in RNA interference (RNAi)?

    <p>MicroRNA (miRNA) and small interfering RNA (siRNA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is crucial for the success of siRNA therapy in vivo?

    <p>Ability to resist degradation by nucleases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Patisiran is primarily used to treat which condition?

    <p>Hereditary transthyretin-mediated amyloidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cellular component is primarily targeted by the lipid nanoparticles used in siRNA delivery?

    <p>Cell membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following vaccines instructs cells to produce the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein?

    <p>Comirnaty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism allows siRNA to guide the cleavage of target mRNA?

    <p>Formation of the activated RNA-induced silencing complex (siRISC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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