Western Canada Mine Rescue Manual Chapter 3: Environmental Conditions Quiz

Mine rescue teams should be aware of the special dangers associated with ______ conditions.

Mines operating in avalanche-prone areas must develop an avalanche emergency response plan tailored to their ______.

Mine rescue personnel may be required to perform emergency response activities that expose them to ______ hazards.

A qualified avalanche safety officer must be identified, consulted, and lead the safe emergency response in an active avalanche ______.

The avalanche safety officer must conduct an avalanche risk assessment and establish active avalanche safety measures prior to planning emergency ______.

An avalanche is a rapid flow of snow down a sloping surface that can occur at any time provided the right ______ are present.

Avalanches have three main ______:

Starting zone (point of origin): Where the unstable snow first breaks ______.

Characteristics of starting zones include: incline, slope ______, exposure to wind, elevation, exposure to sun, natural ground condition.

Avalanche terms, concepts, and ______

This chapter will provide a basic understanding of ______ travel.

The ______ stress

Avalanches rarely start on slopes steeper than ______° as snow sloughs off continuously rather than accumulating.

Slab avalanches occur when a slab of fairly cohesive layers of snow, poorly bonded to the snow underneath, breaks off along a fracture line. These avalanches are by far the most ______.

Teams performing rescue operations in an avalanche area must be mentally prepared for the possibility that they too may be overtaken by an avalanche. If crossing an avalanche track cannot be avoided, take the following ______:

Select the shortest possible route high on the slope or low in the run-out zone. Plan an escape ______.

The successful rescue of a person buried in an avalanche very often depends upon actions taken by unburied ______.

The thickness of the ice must be tested frequently in various ______.

Clear blue river-ice, with moving water beneath it, is not as strong as lake-ice. Loads should be reduced by at least ______%.

The resonance wave can affect the strength of the ice, potentially resulting in a blowout, or an ice ______.

The speed limit on ice roads is 25 km/h for a loaded vehicle and 35 km/h for an empty ______.

Gold’s Formula for determining the maximum allowable ______ is: $M = 4 imes h^2$ where M is the ______ of the vehicle (kg) and h is the thickness of the ice (cm).

Clear blue lake-ice is considered the strongest form of ______.

Thermal stress refers to a range of physiological reactions to adverse ______ conditions.

Hypothermia is a condition of lowered internal body-core temperature, also known as ________ sickness.

Hypothermia results from chilling by cold, wind, or water such that the body loses heat faster than it can produce it. Factors contributing to the development of hypothermia include inadequate ________.

Hypothermia and water immersion can lead to exhaustion, dehydration, and lack of ________.

Stage 1 of mild hypothermia occurs at a core temperature of ________ degrees Celsius.

Stage 2 of moderate hypothermia occurs at a core temperature of ________ degrees Celsius.

Stage 3 of severe hypothermia occurs at a core temperature of ________ degrees Celsius.

If water temperature is 0 degrees Celsius, the expected survival time in the state of exhaustion or unconsciousness is ________ minutes.

If water temperature is 25–30 degrees Celsius, the expected survival time in the state of exhaustion or unconsciousness is ________ hours.

Shivering, intense, and lack of muscle coordination becomes apparent in the stage of moderate hypothermia, with a core temperature of 35.0–33.9 degrees Celsius. Use sobriety test: if unable to walk a 30-foot straight line, the person is ________.

Shivering stops and exposed skin turns blue or puffy in the stage of severe hypothermia, with a core temperature of 32.2–30.0 degrees Celsius. Muscle coordination becomes very poor and there is an inability to ________.

Unconsciousness, erratic heart beat, and respiratory failure are signs of severe hypothermia, with a core temperature of 27.8–25.6 degrees Celsius. Death may occur before this temperature is reached due to pulmonary ________.

The technique for cold water survival that protects the parts of the body that lose heat fastest is known as H.E.L.P. (Heat Escape Lessening Position). It increases predicted survival time by up to ________%.