WBC & Benign Disorders Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is the most accurate description of leucocytes?

  • Leucocytes are a type of blood cell that is responsible for transporting oxygen to the tissues.
  • Leucocytes are only involved in the inflammatory response and do not play a role in immune function.
  • Leucocytes are cells that are predominantly found in the bone marrow, with only a small percentage circulating in the bloodstream.
  • Leucocytes are primarily responsible for immune responses in the body. (correct)

    • What is the primary function of phagocytes in the body?

  • Phagocytes are responsible for the production of antibodies, which neutralize foreign invaders.
  • Phagocytes primarily function as the messengers of the immune system, communicating between different immune cells.
  • Phagocytes are specialized cells that engulf and destroy foreign particles, such as bacteria and cellular debris. (correct)
  • Phagocytes are the key component of the lymphatic system, filtering lymph fluid and removing waste products.
  • Phagocytes function in the formation of blood clots, preventing excessive bleeding from injuries.

    • Which of the following best describes a characteristic shared by all lymphocytes?

  • All lymphocytes are involved in the production of antibodies that specifically target a specific antigen.
  • All lymphocytes are directly involved in the engulfment and destruction of foreign invaders.
  • All lymphocytes are capable of differentiating into different cell types depending on the specific immune response required.
  • All lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell that is involved in the immune response of the body. (correct)

    • Based on the provided information, which of the following cells would likely be present in elevated numbers during an infection?

    <p>Neutrophils (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between granulocytes and monocytes?

    <p>Granulocytes have a segmented nucleus, while monocytes have a kidney-shaped nucleus. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a hallmark of Infectious Mononucleosis?

    <p>Elevated Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the maturation process of T cells, what happens to self-reactive T cells?

    <p>They are suppressed by regulatory T cells and undergo apoptosis. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of lymphocyte exhibits cytotoxic activity and lacks the T cell receptor?

    <p>Large granular lymphocytes (NK cells) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following laboratory tests is the most useful in diagnosing Infectious Mononucleosis?

    <p>Serological tests (Paul-Bunnel and EBV antibody tests) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for using an absolute count instead of a relative count when analyzing white blood cells?

    <p>Absolute count provides a more accurate assessment of the number of each type of white blood cell. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common consequence of severe bone marrow failure, corticosteroid therapy, or widespread irradiation?

    <p>Lymphopenia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of a 'qualitative' change in white blood cell analysis?

    <p>Presence of immature white blood cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is MOST LIKELY to be associated with a significant increase in the absolute number of lymphocytes?

    <p>Viral infection (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements regarding the Paul-Bunnel test is CORRECT?

    <p>It detects heterophile antibodies, which are associated with Infectious Mononucleosis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of mature T cells expressing CD8?

    <p>Destruction of infected cells. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of neutrophils?

    <p>Phagocytosis and bacterial destruction. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a cause of neutrophil leucocytosis?

    <p>Hypogammaglobulinemia. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of leukaemoid reactions?

    <p>Presence of immature cells like myeloblasts and promyelocytes in peripheral blood. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is associated with tissue damage and may persist for more than six months?

    <p>Eosinophil leucocytosis. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most frequent blood count change observed in patients with a fever?

    <p>Neutrophil leucocytosis. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a sign of neutropenia?

    <p>Presence of high levels of basophils in the blood. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes reactive neutrophilia from chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)?

    <p>Absence of toxic granulation and Doehle bodies. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a hallmark of leukaemoid reactions?

    <p>Presence of blasts and immature cells in peripheral blood. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of chemokines in the context of phagocytosis?

    <p>Promoting the movement of phagocytes to the site of infection. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions could lead to an increased risk of infections due to a deficiency in antibody production?

    <p>Hypogammaglobulinemia. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic feature of reactive neutrophilia?

    <p>Presence of abnormal lymphocytes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of monocytes in the context of immune response?

    <p>Differentiating into macrophages and dendritic cells for antigen presentation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic feature of monocytosis?

    <p>Presence of high levels of eosinophils. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is NOT a potential cause of monocytosis?

    <p>Hypogammaglobulinemia. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the appropriate management strategy for neutropenia?

    <p>Aggressive treatment with antibiotics, antifungals, or antivirals based on the type of infection. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of the immune system?

    <p>Erythrocytes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Leucogenesis

    The process of white blood cell formation.

    Phagocytes

    Cells that engulf pathogens and debris.

    Leucocytosis

    An increase in white blood cell count.

    Lymphocytosis

    An increase in lymphocyte count, often due to infection.

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    Neutropenia

    A decrease in neutrophil count, leading to increased infection risk.

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    Lymphocyte Types

    Small lymphocytes, activated lymphocytes, large granular lymphocytes, and plasma cell lymphocytes.

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    B and T cells

    B cells develop in bone marrow; T cells mature in thymus after forming in bone marrow.

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    Maturation of T cells

    Involves the deletion of self-reactive T cells (-ve selection) ensuring specificity for HLA.

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    CD4 and CD8

    Mature T cells express CD4; cytotoxic T cells express CD8.

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    Infectious Mononucleosis

    Condition caused by EBV, leading to lymphocytosis; diagnosed via serological tests.

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    Paul-Bunnel test

    Serological test for heterophile antibodies indicating mono.

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    Lymphopenia

    Decrease in lymphocyte count, seen in conditions like severe bone marrow failure and AIDS.

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    Lymphadenopathy

    Swollen lymph nodes, often indicating late-stage disease.

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    TWBC Count

    Total white blood cell count; relative counts provide percentages while absolute counts give actual numbers.

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    Granulocytes

    A type of white blood cell with granules in its cytoplasm, typically multi-lobed nucleus.

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    Monocytes

    The largest type of leukocyte with a large oval or indented nucleus, involved in immune response.

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    Phagocytosis

    The process by which cells engulf and digest pathogens or debris.

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    Chemotaxis

    Movement of cells towards chemical signals, often to sites of infection.

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    Neutrophil leucocytosis

    Increase in neutrophil count often due to infection, marked by fever.

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    Eosinophil leucocytosis

    Increase in eosinophils, often related to allergic reactions or parasitic infections.

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    Basophil leucocytosis

    Increased basophil count in response to allergies or certain blood disorders.

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    Leukemoid reactions

    Excessive white blood cell response resembling leukemia, due to severe infections or stress.

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    Hypereosinophilic syndrome

    Condition characterized by excessive eosinophils leading to tissue damage.

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    Dendritic cells

    Antigen-presenting cells that process and present antigens to T-cells.

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    Lymphocytes

    Type of white blood cell involved in immune response, including B and T cells.

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    Acute myeloid leukemia (AML)

    A type of cancer that affects blood and bone marrow, characterized by uncontrolled cell growth.

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    Splenomegaly

    Enlargement of the spleen, often linked to various diseases.

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    Study Notes

    WBC & Benign Disorders

    • Benign disorders of granulocytes and monocytes include leucocytosis and monocytosis, neutropenia, and histiocytic disorders.
    • Leucocytosis and monocytosis are characterized by increased counts of white blood cells (leukocytes), including neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, and monocytes.
    • Neutropenia is characterized by a decrease in neutrophil counts.
    • Histiocytic disorders involve abnormal proliferation of cells related to phagocytes.
    • Types of leucocytosis include neutrophilic, leukemoid, eosinophilic, and basophilic leucocytosis, as well as monocytosis.
    • Neutropenia can be selective, part of general pancytopenia, or associated with congenital, drug-induced, or autoimmune causes.
    • Causes of neutropenia can include bone marrow failure or splenomegaly.
    • Clinical features of neutropenia include mouth and throat infections, painful ulcers, and commensal organisms becoming pathogens.
    • Neutropenia is diagnosed through bone marrow examination.
    • Management of neutropenia involves early treatment with antibiotics, antifungals, or antivirals, hematopoietic growth factors like G-CSF to induce production, or corticosteroid therapy or splenectomy.

    Leucogenesis

    • Leucogenesis is the process of producing white blood cells in bone marrow, with multiple steps including committed progenitor cells and stem cells.
    • Phagocytes include granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils) and monocytes.
    • Immunocytes include lymphocytes, and different types of lymphocytes have different functions.
    • Leucocytosis & monocytosis refers to increased white blood cell counts.
    • Neutropenia is a reduction in neutrophil counts.
    • Histiocytic disorders are associated with abnormal histiocytic cells.
    • Immunocytes (lymphocytes) include different cell types (B cells, T cells, NK cells).

    Granulocytes

    • Granulocytes are a type of phagocyte, containing granules with specific functions.
    • Neutrophils, the most abundant granulocyte, are vital in combating bacterial infections and inflammation. They are characterized by a multi-lobed nucleus.
    • Eosinophils are involved in allergic reactions and parasitic infections. Characterized by a bi-lobed nucleus.
    • Basophils are involved in allergic reactions and are characterized by a bi-to-tri-lobed nucleus.

    Monocytes & Macrophages

    • Monocytes are large phagocytic cells circulating in the blood, becoming macrophages in tissues.
    • Macrophages have long lifespans and play roles in tissue repair, pathogen phagocytosis, and antigen presentation.
    • Locations where macrophages are common include interstitial areas, lungs, liver, and central nervous system (brain).

    Lymphocytes

    • Lymphocytes are part of the immune system, playing key roles in adaptive immunity.
    • Different types include B cells, T cells, and natural killer (NK) cells, with distinct functions in immune responses.
    • The B and T cells play a role in adaptive immunity, while natural killer cells are part of innate immunity, attacking foreign cells.
    • Formation of lymphocytes occurs in the bone marrow and thymus (for T cells). Secondary organs include areas like lymph nodes to support immune functions.

    Leucocytosis & Monocytosis Subtypes

    • Neutrophil leucocytosis: increase in circulating neutrophils (causes include bacterial infection, tissue necrosis, inflammation).
    • Leukemoid reactions: reactive, excessive leucocytosis (causes include severe infections, severe hemolysis, metastatic cancer).
    • Eosinophilic leucocytosis: increase in circulating eosinophils (reasons like parasitic infections, allergic reactions).
    • Basophilic leucocytosis: increase in circulating basophils (causes include allergic reactions, parasite infection).
    • Monocytosis: increase in circulating monocytes (reasons include chronic infections and some cancers).

    Infectious Mononucleosis

    • Infectious mononucleosis is caused by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection.
    • Diagnosis includes testing for elevated leukocyte counts with atypical lymphocytes, serological tests (e.g., Paul-Bunnell test) and EBV antibodies. Further testing for EBV capsid antigens may be included.

    Neutropenia

    • Neutropenia includes a decrease in neutrophil counts and involves selective cases, part of general pancytopenia, or reasons in congenital, drug-induced, or autoimmune cases.
    • It can also be associated with bone marrow failure or splenomegaly.

    Histiocytic Disorders

    • Histiocytic disorders are rare processes associated with abnormal histiocyte proliferation.
    • Specific types include Langerhans cell histiocytosis, and hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH).

    Lymphocytosis

    • Lymphocytosis is an increase in the number of lymphocytes in the blood, often associated with infections, especially in infants and young children.

    Lymphopenia

    • Lymphopenia, a decrease in lymphocyte counts, often results from severe bone marrow failure, immunodeficiency, corticosteroid therapy, Hodgkin's disease, or widespread irradiation. AIDS can also be a factor.

    Immune Deficiency

    • Immune deficiencies can be primary (intrinsic) or secondary (acquired).
    • Intrinsic deficiencies often involve missing enzymes or cell types, while secondary are caused by underlying diseases, infections, malnutrition or immunosuppressant drug use.

    Lymphadenopathy

    • Lymphadenopathy is an enlarged lymph node, usually local or generalized. This enlargement is often related to infection or specific immune system disorders.
    • Localized lymphadenopathy often indicates a local infection, while generalized causes may include more systemic diseases or cancers.

    Quantitative vs. Qualitative Changes

    • Quantitative changes in WBCs relate to changes in the total number of white blood cells present in blood.
    • Qualitative changes involve changes in the characteristics (morphology or function) of individual white blood cells, even if the total count remains normal.

    Relative vs. Absolute Values

    • Relative values express the proportion of specific types of WBCs within the total WBC count.
    • Absolute values show the actual number of each type of WBC in a specific volume of blood (e.g., per microliter).

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    WBC & Benign Disorders PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on benign disorders of granulocytes and monocytes, including leucocytosis and neutropenia. Explore the clinical features, causes, and management involved in these conditions. This quiz offers insights into white blood cell disorders for students and healthcare professionals alike.

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