Questions and Answers
An excessive number of white blood cells is classified as _______.
leukocytosis
A deficiency in white blood cells is classified as _______.
leukopenia
The kidney hormone released in response to oxygen deficiency that stimulates red blood cell production is called _______.
erythropoietin
Arrange the white blood cells in order, from most abundant to least abundant:
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The proteins in plasma are of three types: albumins, globulins, and _______.
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Both albumin and some of the _______ function as transporter molecules in the plasma.
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Fibrinogen is important in _______ of the blood.
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A class of plasma proteins called _______ globulins are produced by lymphocytes.
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In order, the _______ are most abundant; the _______ account for about 36% of the plasma proteins; and _______ is least abundant.
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The stem cells that give rise to all of the formed elements are called _______ stem cells.
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People who are Rh-negative will typically have anti-Rh antibodies in their blood.
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As red blood cells wear out, they typically rupture as they pass through the _______ or liver.
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Phagocytic cells called _______ then phagocytize and breakdown the cell.
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Each molecule of hemoglobin is broken down into its component parts: four protein chains and four iron-containing groups called _______.
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The heme group is broken down into its components: _______ which served to bind oxygen, and _______ which is a green pigment.
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The iron is either stored in the liver or enters the blood and is transported to the _______ to be used to produce more hemoglobin.
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The biliverdin is converted to ________, an orange pigment that is excreted by the liver into the bile.
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Blood is contained within the _______ system where it functions in the transport of nutrients, gases, wastes, and other biologically relevant molecules.
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Blood contains numerous _______ red blood cells called _______.
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Some larger cells with multi-lobed nuclei called _______ or white blood cells.
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The blood cells are suspended in a fluid matrix called ________, in which is dissolved many types of molecules that are being transported.
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List the steps that lead to the formation of a blood clot in correct order.
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Place the following stages of red blood cell production in chronological order.
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No A or B antigens on RBC's; anti A antibodies in plasma; anti B antibodies in plasma describes which blood type?
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A antigen on RBC's; anti B antibody in plasma describes which blood type?
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B antigen on RBC's; anti A antibodies in plasma describes which blood type?
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A antigen on RBC's; B antigen on RBC's; neither anti A or anti B in plasma describes which blood type?
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The average human has approximately _______ liters of blood in their circulation.
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The fluid portion of the blood, called ________, accounts for about 55% of the blood volume.
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Plasma is approximately 92% ________, 7% protein, and 1% other solutes.
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Most of the plasma proteins are produced by the ________, except for the gamma globulins, which are produced by ________.
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Study Notes
Blood Cell Disorders
- Leukocytosis: An excessive number of white blood cells.
- Leukopenia: A deficiency in white blood cells.
Hormone Involvement
- Erythropoietin: Kidney hormone that stimulates red blood cell production in response to oxygen deficiency.
White Blood Cells Composition
- Neutrophils: 54-62% of white blood cells, first responders to infections.
- Lymphocytes: 25-33%, play a major role in immune response.
- Monocytes: 3-9%, become macrophages that phagocytize larger particles.
- Eosinophils: 1-3%, combat allergic reactions and parasitic infections.
- Basophils: Less than 1%, release histamine and heparin.
Plasma Proteins
- Types of Plasma Proteins: Albumins, globulins, and fibrinogen.
- Albumins: Most abundant, vital for osmotic pressure.
- Globulins: Serve as transporters and are associated with immune function.
- Fibrinogen: Largest plasma protein, essential for blood coagulation.
Stem Cells and Hematopoiesis
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells: Originate all formed elements in blood.
Red Blood Cell Destruction
- RBCs rupture in the spleen or liver, where macrophages phagocytize them.
- Hemoglobin breakdown yields heme and globin.
- Heme is further broken down into iron and biliverdin.
- Iron is stored in the liver or transported to red bone marrow for hemoglobin synthesis.
- Biliverdin converts to bilirubin, which is excreted into bile and intestines.
Blood Composition
- Blood circulates within the cardiovascular system, transporting nutrients, gases, and wastes.
- Contains erythrocytes (red blood cells) that are biconcave and lack nuclei.
- Leukocytes (white blood cells) have multi-lobed nuclei, with some containing visible granules.
- Blood is suspended in a liquid matrix known as plasma, which carries dissolved molecules.
Blood Clotting Process
- Sequence for blood clot formation:
- Production of prothrombin activator.
- Conversion of prothrombin to thrombin.
- Conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin.
- Formation of a fibrin mesh (the clot).
Red Blood Cell Production Stages
- Order of stages:
- Stem cell
- Proerythroblast
- Erythroblast
- Reticulocyte
- Erythrocyte
Blood Types and Antigens
- O Blood: No A or B antigens; has anti-A and anti-B antibodies.
- A Blood: A antigen on RBCs; anti-B antibodies in plasma.
- B Blood: B antigen on RBCs; anti-A antibodies in plasma.
- AB Blood: A and B antigens on RBCs; no anti-A or anti-B antibodies.
Blood Volume and Plasma Composition
- Average human has approximately 5 liters of blood.
- Approximately 55% of blood volume is plasma.
- Plasma is composed of 92% water, 7% proteins, and **1% other solutes.
- Majority of plasma proteins synthesized by the liver, except for gamma globulins, which are produced by lymphocytes.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the key concepts from Chapter 12 of biology related to blood cells. This quiz covers definitions and classifications of white blood cells, along with hormones involved in red blood cell production. Perfect for reinforcing your understanding of hematology concepts.
