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Questions and Answers
Which type of pipe is commonly used in older water distribution systems?
Which type of pipe is commonly used in older water distribution systems?
A loop water distribution system is less desirable than a branch system.
A loop water distribution system is less desirable than a branch system.
False
What does the water cycle describe?
What does the water cycle describe?
The existence and movement of water on, in, and above the Earth.
The typical distribution pressure in a water distribution system is between _____ psi.
The typical distribution pressure in a water distribution system is between _____ psi.
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Match the following components with their functions in a water distribution system:
Match the following components with their functions in a water distribution system:
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What is a crucial factor to consider when analyzing raw water quality?
What is a crucial factor to consider when analyzing raw water quality?
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Water storage tanks have a pressure rating that is typically less than 150 psi.
Water storage tanks have a pressure rating that is typically less than 150 psi.
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What should be divided into several pressure zones for effective water distribution?
What should be divided into several pressure zones for effective water distribution?
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Which of the following is NOT an advantage of groundwater sources?
Which of the following is NOT an advantage of groundwater sources?
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Groundwater sources typically require extensive treatment before use.
Groundwater sources typically require extensive treatment before use.
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What are two types of springs associated with groundwater sources?
What are two types of springs associated with groundwater sources?
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The presence of _____ can make groundwater slightly salty, especially if it is nearer to the sea.
The presence of _____ can make groundwater slightly salty, especially if it is nearer to the sea.
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Match the following types of aquifers with their characteristics:
Match the following types of aquifers with their characteristics:
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Which cations are commonly found in high mineral content groundwater?
Which cations are commonly found in high mineral content groundwater?
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Artesian springs generally provide water with variable discharge levels throughout the year.
Artesian springs generally provide water with variable discharge levels throughout the year.
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The term for a water-bearing stratum is _____ .
The term for a water-bearing stratum is _____ .
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What is a primary source of surface water?
What is a primary source of surface water?
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Rainwater harvesting is most effective when collected from paved surfaces.
Rainwater harvesting is most effective when collected from paved surfaces.
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What are the two types of water sources mentioned for a water supply system?
What are the two types of water sources mentioned for a water supply system?
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What is the safe yield from a stream or river?
What is the safe yield from a stream or river?
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The quality of water stored in lakes and reservoirs is often low due to __________.
The quality of water stored in lakes and reservoirs is often low due to __________.
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Lakes and ponds are suitable sources of water supply for large cities.
Lakes and ponds are suitable sources of water supply for large cities.
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Match the following components of a water supply system with their descriptions:
Match the following components of a water supply system with their descriptions:
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What factors must be considered during the planning of water supply systems?
What factors must be considered during the planning of water supply systems?
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Which factor does NOT affect water supply system planning?
Which factor does NOT affect water supply system planning?
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Aquifers are a primary source of drinking water, consisting of ________ and ________ soil.
Aquifers are a primary source of drinking water, consisting of ________ and ________ soil.
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Which of the following statements about upstream and downstream water quality is correct?
Which of the following statements about upstream and downstream water quality is correct?
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Thermal stratification occurs in deep lakes and reservoirs due to their standing water nature.
Thermal stratification occurs in deep lakes and reservoirs due to their standing water nature.
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Excessive flood water from non-perennial sources can be stored in reservoirs for future use.
Excessive flood water from non-perennial sources can be stored in reservoirs for future use.
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What is the purpose of reservoirs in water supply systems?
What is the purpose of reservoirs in water supply systems?
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What is the role of wells and pumps in groundwater extraction?
What is the role of wells and pumps in groundwater extraction?
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Match the water quality attributes to their respective locations:
Match the water quality attributes to their respective locations:
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Study Notes
Water Quality Introduction
- This course, WATE211, introduces water quality.
- The first chapter is an introduction.
Water Sources
- Fresh water sources come from precipitation (rainwater), surface runoff (lakes, reservoirs, rivers, and sea water), and groundwater (springs, wells, and infiltration galleries).
- Water reclamation is water obtained from treatment processes.
Global Water Distribution
- Oceans make up 97.5% of the world's water.
- Fresh water comprises 2.5%.
- Of the fresh water, 68.9% is in ice caps/glaciers.
- 30.1% is groundwater.
Water Distribution Systems
- Typical new systems use thermoplastic or ductile iron pipes.
- Larger mains often use reinforced concrete.
- Older systems might use cast iron or asbestos cement pipes.
- Standard distribution pressure is 65-75 psi.
- Systems are usually designed for lower pressure (under 150 psi).
- Water systems include water lines, fittings, valves, service lines, meters, and fire hydrants.
- A loop system is generally preferred over a branch system.
The Hydrological Cycle
- The cycle describes water's movement on, in, and above the Earth.
- The sun evaporates water from the Earth's surface, including oceans and lakes, and from plants (transpiration).
- Water vapor condenses to form clouds.
- Precipitation (rain, snow) returns water to the land and ocean.
- Some water soaks into the ground (groundwater).
- The rest flows downhill as runoff, eventually returning to the ocean.
Water Storage
- Water is pumped to storage tanks.
- Storage tanks hold water.
- Water pressure is measured in psi.
- 1 psi is equal to 2.31 feet of water.
Water Quality Factors
- Raw water quality analysis identifies impurities.
- Treatment processes are designed based on impurities.
- Treatment facilities dimensions (sizes) and numbers depend on water quality and quantity required.
- Pumping units are necessary for treated water.
- Storage facilities are broken down into zones.
- Distribution systems are tailored to the master plan and future growth.
- Water systems need to be economical and reliable.
Surface Water Sources
- Lakes, reservoirs, and rivers are primary sources.
- Rivers may be dammed to create reservoirs to store water during high rainfall.
- Reservoirs hold water, especially during rain.
Rainwater Factors
- Rainwater may contain dust, smoke, bacteria, and carbon dioxide.
- Rainwater harvesting from roofs is a feasible strategy for effective water gathering, which can be combined with water storage tanks.
Factors Affecting Water Supply
- Population growth affects future water demand.
- Per capita water requirements depend on living standards and types of businesses.
- Public places use significant water amounts.
Water Supply Systems
- Planning, design, construction, operation, and maintenance are parts of water supply systems.
Groundwater Sources
- Aquifers are primary sources of groundwater.
- Porous rock and unconsolidated soil hold groundwater.
- Wells and pumps extract groundwater.
Groundwater Quality
- Groundwater quality differs depending on whether it is upstream or downstream in a river.
- Upstream water is typically good, while downstream water can be polluted.
- Groundwater can be affected by several factors such as infiltration (leachate from landfills) and distance from the sea.
- Type of aquifer (igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic) can influence iron content, hardness, and pH.
Springs
- Springs are groundwater that outcrops due to an impervious (non-permeable) layer and gravity.
- They are mainly found in aquifers (sand or gravel layers).
Gravity Springs
- Groundwater flows over an impervious stratum onto the surface.
- The yield depends on the water table level, which varies over time.
Artesian Springs
- Confinement in an aquifer creates high pressure to give high-quality water.
- Discharge is typically uniform throughout the seasons.
Water Supply Objectives
- Water should be safe and wholesome.
- A sufficient quantity of water should be available.
- Access to safe water is crucial for personal and household hygiene.
Water Supply Components
- The water supply system includes components like sources (groundwater or surface water), raw water collection structures (intakes), treatment plants, and distribution systems (pipes, pumps, reservoirs).
Water Treatment
- Treatment demands depend on source quality.
- Groundwater typically requires less treatment than surface water.
Criteria for Selecting a Water Source
- Water quantity must be able to meet the increasing demand.
- Water should be easily treatable and not contaminated.
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Description
Explore the fundamentals of water quality in this introductory quiz for WATE211. This chapter covers essential concepts including fresh water sources, global water distribution, and distribution systems. Test your knowledge and understanding of the key principles that govern water quality.
