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Water and Its Properties
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Water and Its Properties

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Questions and Answers

What is the main reason water has a high specific heat capacity?

  • It is a polar molecule.
  • It forms strong covalent bonds.
  • It has high thermal insulation properties. (correct)
  • It undergoes frequent phase changes.

    • Which property of water allows ice to float?

  • Hydrogen bonding
  • High heat of vaporization
  • High dielectric constant
  • Maximum density at 4°C (correct)

    • What type of molecules are soluble in water due to their polarity?

  • Non-polar molecules
  • Ionic compounds only
  • Hydrophilic biomolecules (correct)
  • Noble gases

    • How strong are typical hydrogen bonds formed by neutral atoms in water?

    <p>4–6 kJ/mol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about hydrogen bonds is true?

    <p>They require three atoms to be perfectly linear for maximum strength.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect do hydrophobic molecules have in aqueous environments?

    <p>They tend to aggregate and avoid water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of water's high dielectric constant?

    <p>Improves electrical insulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the relationship between molecular polarity and water solubility?

    <p>Polar molecules are polar and soluble.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of metabolic alkalosis?

    <p>Profuse vomiting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the body compensate for metabolic alkalosis through the respiratory system?

    <p>By decreasing breathing rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of hydrophobic solutes in water?

    <p>They repel water molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is true about the pH in different sections of the gastrointestinal tract?

    <p>Enzymatic activity varies depending on local pH conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor influences drug absorption in the gastrointestinal tract?

    <p>Optimal pH for drug ionization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of adding biomolecules to the cytoplasm of cells?

    <p>It increases the osmotic pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the addition of glucose and ethanol to water affect the molar concentration?

    <p>It keeps the molar concentration of water identical.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is osmotic pressure primarily dependent on?

    <p>The number (concentration) of solutes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the movement of water through a semipermeable membrane?

    <p>Differences in osmotic pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is isotonic saline solution used for patient hydration instead of pure water?

    <p>Pure water causes osmotic burst in cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following properties does not depend on the chemical nature of the solute?

    <p>Osmotic pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary issue faced by cells experiencing osmotic burst?

    <p>Cells swell and potentially burst.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following types of solutes has the least effect on osmotic pressure in cells?

    <p>High molecular weight proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phenomenon is described by water movement from a high water concentration area to a low concentration area?

    <p>Osmosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a non-colligative property of water?

    <p>Taste.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal pH range for blood?

    <p>7.35 to 7.45</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ primarily regulates the bicarbonate levels in the blood?

    <p>Kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition occurs when blood pH decreases below 7.35?

    <p>Acidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can cause respiratory acidosis?

    <p>Chronic bronchitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily happens during respiratory alkalosis?

    <p>Hyperventilation occurs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of breathing is associated with metabolic acidosis?

    <p>Kussmaul breathing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary factor in maintaining pH homeostasis in the blood?

    <p>Bicarbonate buffer system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions can lead to respiratory alkalosis?

    <p>Anxiety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pH of a neutral solution at 25 degrees Celsius?

    <p>7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the pH of a solution mathematically calculated?

    <p>pH = -log[H+]</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a cause of respiratory acidosis?

    <p>Hysteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the lungs contribute to pH homeostasis?

    <p>By controlling CO2 levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do the terms pH and pOH add up to in aqueous solutions?

    <p>14</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the dissociation constant for acetic acid (CH3COOH)?

    <p>1.74 × 10^-5 M</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following equations correctly identifies the relationship between Ka and the concentrations of the hydrate and its dissociation products?

    <p>Ka = [H+][A-]/[HA]</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If 0.1 moles of acetic acid is added to water to make 1L solution, which algebraic operation is needed to find the final pH?

    <p>Logarithmic calculation of [H+]</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the pH affected by the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution?

    <p>It decreases logarithmically with [H+]</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For weak electrolytes, what factors primarily determine the extent of dissociation in water?

    <p>Acid dissociation constant (Ka) and nature of the acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What relationship does the Henderson–Hasselbalch equation describe?

    <p>The relationship between pH and pKa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Water and Its Properties

    • Water is a polar molecule, meaning it has a partial positive charge on one end and a partial negative charge on the other.
    • This polarity allows water to form hydrogen bonds with other polar molecules, like itself, resulting in its high specific heat capacity, high heat of vaporization, and high dielectric constant.
    • This high specific heat capacity means that water can absorb a lot of heat before its temperature increases significantly, which helps regulate temperature in organisms.
    • The high heat of vaporization means that water requires a lot of energy to evaporate, which is important for processes like sweating.
    • The high dielectric constant means water can dissolve many ionic compounds, which is essential for life.
    • Water's maximum density is at 4°C, which means that ice floats, allowing aquatic life to survive in cold environments.
    • Hydrophobic substances are repelled by water due to their nonpolar nature, leading to the formation of micelles, bilayers, and protein folding.

    Colligative and Non-Colligative Properties of Water

    • Colligative properties of water are those that depend on the number of solute particles in solution, regardless of their identity. These include boiling point elevation, freezing point depression, and osmotic pressure.
    • Non-colligative properties of water are those that depend on the chemical nature of the solute, such as viscosity, surface tension, taste, and color.

    Osmotic Pressure

    • Osmotic pressure is the pressure that needs to be applied to a solution to prevent the inward flow of water across a semipermeable membrane.
    • It is caused by the difference in water concentration between two solutions separated by the membrane.
    • Cells maintain a balance of osmotic pressure with their surrounding environment using mechanisms like pumps and channels.
    • The osmotic pressure depends only on the concentration of the solute, not its molecular weight.

    pH and Buffers

    • pH is a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution.
    • It is defined as the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration.
    • The pH scale is logarithmic, meaning that a change of one pH unit represents a tenfold change in hydrogen ion concentration.
    • Buffers are solutions that resist changes in pH upon addition of acids or bases.
    • They are important for maintaining a stable pH environment in biological systems.

    Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation

    • This equation allows for the calculation of the pH of a solution given its concentration and the dissociation constant of the weak acid present.
    • It relates pH, pKa (the negative logarithm of the acid dissociation constant), and the ratio of the concentrations of the conjugate base ([A-]) to the acid ([HA]) in a buffer solution.

    Dissociation of Weak Electrolytes

    • Weak electrolytes, like acetic acid, only partially dissociate in water.
    • The extent of dissociation is determined by the acid dissociation constant (Ka), which is a measure of the acid's strength.

    pH Homeostasis

    • The pH of blood is maintained between 7.35 and 7.45 by the bicarbonate buffer system.
    • The lungs regulate the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood, while the kidneys regulate the bicarbonate concentration.
    • Acidosis is a condition where the pH of the blood falls below 7.35, while alkalosis is a condition where the pH of the blood rises above 7.45.
    • Both acidosis and alkalosis can be respiratory or metabolic in nature.
    • Respiratory acidosis or alkalosis is caused by malfunctions in the lungs, while metabolic acidosis or alkalosis is caused by metabolic disorders.

    pH and Biological Processes

    • pH influences the absorption of drugs in the gastrointestinal tract, as ionizable drugs are absorbed differently at different pHs.
    • pH also significantly impacts enzyme activity, with different enzymes having specific pH optima for optimal activity.

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    Description

    Explore the fascinating properties of water, including its polarity and the implications for life. This quiz covers concepts such as specific heat capacity, heat of vaporization, and the behavior of molecules in the presence of water. Test your understanding of how these properties affect biological processes.

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