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Questions and Answers
What is a unique characteristic of water due to its molecular structure?
Which statement best describes the hydrogen bonding in water molecules?
What causes water to have a high boiling point compared to other similar compounds?
Which property of water allows it to dissolve a wide range of solutes?
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What is the primary reason for water's high surface tension when compared to other liquids?
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Why does water have a high specific heat capacity compared to many other substances?
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Which type of bond has a much stronger connection between atoms within molecules?
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What is the boiling point of water at standard temperature and pressure (STP)?
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What happens to most liquids when they solidify?
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Which property of water allows light required for photosynthesis to reach considerable depths in bodies of water?
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What is the controlling factor in physiology and governs drop and surface phenomena?
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Which property of water allows for stabilization of temperatures of organisms and geographical regions?
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Which type of water is contaminated with pollutants like toxic metals and bacteria?
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What is the most convenient source of water for human activities?
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Which process involves the conversion of liquid water to water vapor?
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Which process involves the emission of water from plants through small openings on the underside of leaves?
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Which water form is found in underground reservoirs known as aquifers?
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Which type of water is suitable for activities like washing sidewalks and irrigation despite being not drinkable?
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Study Notes
Properties of Water
- Covalent bonds are stronger than hydrogen bonds, and the atoms involved in hydrogen bonding are farther apart than in covalent bonds.
- Water is a liquid at standard temperature and pressure (STP) with a temperature of 25 °C and a pressure of 1 atm.
- Water has a high boiling point of 100 °C (212 °F), but this property varies with liquids having the same molecular structure, such as hydrogen sulfide (H2S), which has a much lower boiling point.
- When water freezes, it expands, unlike most liquids, which contract when they solidify.
Unique Characteristics of Water
- Water is an excellent solvent, facilitating the transport of nutrients and waste products, making biological processes possible in an aqueous medium.
- Water has the highest dielectric constant of any common liquid, allowing for high solubility of ionic substances and their ionization in solution.
- Water has a higher surface tension than any other liquid, governing drop and surface phenomena.
- Water is transparent to visible and longer-wavelength fractions of ultraviolet light, allowing light required for photosynthesis to reach considerable depths in bodies of water.
- Water has a maximum density as a liquid at 4 °C, causing ice to float, and restricting vertical circulation in stratified bodies of water.
Heat Properties of Water
- Water has a higher heat of evaporation than any other material, determining the transfer of heat and water molecules between the atmosphere and bodies of water.
- Water has a higher latent heat of fusion than any other liquid except ammonia, stabilizing temperatures at the freezing point of water.
- Water has a higher heat capacity than any other liquid except ammonia, stabilizing temperatures of organisms and geographical regions.
Classification of Water by Source
- Potable water is safe for drinking, cooking, bathing, and washing dishes.
- Non-potable water is contaminated with pollutants, including particulates, toxic metals, or bacteria, and is not drinkable, but has uses like washing sidewalks or irrigation.
- Surface water is found in lakes, rivers, and streams, and is the most convenient source for human activities.
- Groundwater is less convenient to access and is found in underground reservoirs (aquifers), pumped from wells drilled deep into these reservoirs.
Hydrological Cycle
- The hydrological cycle includes all water present on and in the earth, including salt and freshwater, surface and groundwater, water in the clouds, and trapped water in rocks far below the earth's surface.
- The hydrological cycle describes the movement and conservation of water on Earth, involving two distinct processes:
- Evaporation: the conversion of liquid water from lakes, streams, and other bodies of water to water vapor.
- Transpiration: the process by which water is emitted from plants through stomata, small openings on the underside of leaves connected to vascular tissue.
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Description
Test your knowledge on chemical bonding by understanding the differences between covalent and hydrogen bonds. Learn about the strength of covalent bonds connecting atoms in molecules and the unique properties of water at standard temperature and pressure (STP).
