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Questions and Answers
Which vitamins are classified as fat-soluble?
Which vitamins are classified as fat-soluble?
What are some functions of vitamins important to health?
What are some functions of vitamins important to health?
What are the general characteristics of vitamins?
What are the general characteristics of vitamins?
What are some examples of water-soluble vitamins?
What are some examples of water-soluble vitamins?
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What are the factors influencing calcium absorption?
What are the factors influencing calcium absorption?
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What triggers the secretion of parathyroid hormone?
What triggers the secretion of parathyroid hormone?
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At what age is peak bone mass achieved?
At what age is peak bone mass achieved?
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What are modifiable risk factors for osteoporosis?
What are modifiable risk factors for osteoporosis?
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What are water's key functions in human health?
What are water's key functions in human health?
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How is water balance regulated?
How is water balance regulated?
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What stimulates kidneys to conserve water?
What stimulates kidneys to conserve water?
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What are signs of water toxicity?
What are signs of water toxicity?
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What is hyponatremia?
What is hyponatremia?
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What are common signs of dehydration?
What are common signs of dehydration?
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What are the classic signs of ariboflavinosis?
What are the classic signs of ariboflavinosis?
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What are the key vitamins in energy metabolism?
What are the key vitamins in energy metabolism?
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What is the recommended folate intake for women of childbearing potential?
What is the recommended folate intake for women of childbearing potential?
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What are the potential toxicity concerns of high doses of niacin?
What are the potential toxicity concerns of high doses of niacin?
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What are the functions of folate?
What are the functions of folate?
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What populations are at risk for vitamin B-12 deficiency?
What populations are at risk for vitamin B-12 deficiency?
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What is the importance of vitamin B-12?
What is the importance of vitamin B-12?
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What are the deficiencies and symptoms associated with scurvy?
What are the deficiencies and symptoms associated with scurvy?
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What healthcare facilities test blood homocysteine levels for?
What healthcare facilities test blood homocysteine levels for?
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What are the concerns with excessive folate intake?
What are the concerns with excessive folate intake?
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Which vitamin is crucial for the production of blood-clotting factors and is found in dark leafy greens, Brussels sprouts, broccoli, and asparagus?
Which vitamin is crucial for the production of blood-clotting factors and is found in dark leafy greens, Brussels sprouts, broccoli, and asparagus?
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What cooking methods help conserve vitamins in vegetables?
What cooking methods help conserve vitamins in vegetables?
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Which vitamin is important for bone health, the immune system, and reducing the risk of chronic disease?
Which vitamin is important for bone health, the immune system, and reducing the risk of chronic disease?
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Which vitamins are considered fat-soluble?
Which vitamins are considered fat-soluble?
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What is the role of antioxidants in protecting cells?
What is the role of antioxidants in protecting cells?
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Which factor influences the bioavailability of vitamins?
Which factor influences the bioavailability of vitamins?
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What is the function of vitamin E?
What is the function of vitamin E?
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What is the bioavailability of a vitamin?
What is the bioavailability of a vitamin?
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Which vitamins are included in enrichment of refined grains?
Which vitamins are included in enrichment of refined grains?
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What is the role of water-soluble vitamins in the body?
What is the role of water-soluble vitamins in the body?
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What is the primary source of vitamin A?
What is the primary source of vitamin A?
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Which vitamin is found in seeds and has rare deficiencies and toxicities from foods?
Which vitamin is found in seeds and has rare deficiencies and toxicities from foods?
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Study Notes
Vitamins and Minerals: Functions and Deficiencies
- Key vitamins in energy metabolism: Niacin, Pantothenic acid, Vitamin B-6
- Deficiencies and symptoms: Scurvy (Vitamin C), Beriberi (Thiamin), Pellagra (Niacin), Neural tube defects (Folate), Megaloblastic anemia (Folate, B-12), Pernicious anemia (B-12), nerve damage (B-12)
- Classic signs of ariboflavinosis: Glossitis, Cheilosis, Skin rash, Confusion, headaches
- High doses of niacin: Used for treating high cholesterol, potential toxicity concerns include flushing of skin, GI upset
- Functions of folate: Coenzyme THFA, DNA synthesis, Homocysteine metabolism
- Healthcare facilities testing for blood homocysteine levels: Checks for B-12 or folate deficiency
- Food sources of folate: Papaya, beef liver, Broccoli, Asparagus, grains
- Folate intake for women of childbearing potential: 400 mug/day
- Concerns with excessive folate intake: May stimulate cancer cell growth, "masks" vitamin B-12 deficiency
- Importance of vitamin B-12: Coenzymes for cellular processes, folate and homocysteine metabolism, maintenance of myelin sheaths
- B-12 absorption and levels: Requires intrinsic factors secreted in the stomach, levels decrease with age
- Populations at risk for B-12 deficiency: Vegans, Elderly, Gastritis, leading to megaloblastic anemia, pernicious anemia, nerve damage
Fat-Soluble Vitamins and Water-Soluble Vitamins Summary
- Free radicals are substances with unpaired electrons, and antioxidants protect cells by giving up electrons to free radicals.
- Antioxidants include vitamins E and C, selenium, and beta-carotene.
- Vitamin bioavailability refers to the amount of vitamin that is actually available for use by the body.
- Factors influencing the bioavailability of vitamins include GI transit time, health conditions affecting fat absorption, food processing and preparation techniques, and the source of the vitamin.
- Quick cooking methods with less water, such as steaming and stir-frying, help conserve vitamins in vegetables.
- Fat-soluble vitamins require fat and bile for absorption and are concentrated and stored in tissues, with toxicity and deficiencies being concerns.
- Vitamin A is essential for vision, reproduction, cellular growth, and the immune system and is found in animal and plant sources.
- Vitamin D is important for bone health, the immune system, and reducing the risk of chronic disease, and is found in animal foods, plant foods, and is produced in the skin with UV exposure.
- Vitamin E functions as an antioxidant and is found in seeds, with deficiency being rare and toxicity not commonly from foods.
- Vitamin K is crucial for the production of blood-clotting factors and is found in dark leafy greens, Brussels sprouts, broccoli, and asparagus.
- Water-soluble vitamins are easily absorbed and excreted, need to be consumed regularly to prevent deficiency, and are actively exchanged in tissues.
- Enrichment involves the addition of iron, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and folic acid to refined grains, and all B-vitamins serve a common role.
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Description
Test your knowledge of vitamins and minerals with this quiz covering their functions, deficiencies, and sources. Learn about key vitamins in energy metabolism, classic signs of deficiencies, and the importance of fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins. Explore topics such as bioavailability, antioxidants, vitamin A, D, E, and K, and enrichment of B-vitamins in grains.