Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is a classic histological feature of ruminitis?
What is a classic histological feature of ruminitis?
Which of the following is commonly associated with pyrogenic bacteria?
Which of the following is commonly associated with pyrogenic bacteria?
What clinical sign indicates metabolic acidosis in ruminitis?
What clinical sign indicates metabolic acidosis in ruminitis?
What is the primary cause of metabolic acidosis in ruminitis?
What is the primary cause of metabolic acidosis in ruminitis?
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What type of pneumonia is associated with Mycobacterium bovis?
What type of pneumonia is associated with Mycobacterium bovis?
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Which staining method is employed to visualize mycobacteria in cases of tuberculosis?
Which staining method is employed to visualize mycobacteria in cases of tuberculosis?
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Which organism is NOT typically considered a pyrogenic bacterium?
Which organism is NOT typically considered a pyrogenic bacterium?
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What is a common lesion associated with multifocal to coalescing granulomatous lymphadenitis?
What is a common lesion associated with multifocal to coalescing granulomatous lymphadenitis?
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What condition is characterized by subcutaneous edema in the ventral neck and cachexia?
What condition is characterized by subcutaneous edema in the ventral neck and cachexia?
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Which disease is associated with diffuse chronic granulomatous enteritis?
Which disease is associated with diffuse chronic granulomatous enteritis?
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What is a common clinical sign of Polioencephalomalacia?
What is a common clinical sign of Polioencephalomalacia?
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Which bacterium is responsible for Black leg?
Which bacterium is responsible for Black leg?
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What histological confirmation method is utilized for Johnes disease?
What histological confirmation method is utilized for Johnes disease?
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Which condition is characterized by increased hydrostatic pressure leading to edema?
Which condition is characterized by increased hydrostatic pressure leading to edema?
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What clinical sign is associated with excessive sulphur intake?
What clinical sign is associated with excessive sulphur intake?
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What is a common sign seen in animals affected by Black leg?
What is a common sign seen in animals affected by Black leg?
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What causes necrotizing and hemorrhagic myositis in animals?
What causes necrotizing and hemorrhagic myositis in animals?
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Which disease requires confirmation through histopathology and culture?
Which disease requires confirmation through histopathology and culture?
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What type of lesions are typically found in Polioencephalomalacia?
What type of lesions are typically found in Polioencephalomalacia?
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What is a potential cause of hyperalbuminemia leading to bottle jaw?
What is a potential cause of hyperalbuminemia leading to bottle jaw?
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Which clinical sign is NOT typically associated with Black leg?
Which clinical sign is NOT typically associated with Black leg?
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What creates the sweet smell in the rumen?
What creates the sweet smell in the rumen?
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What is a common clinical sign associated with congenital disorders?
What is a common clinical sign associated with congenital disorders?
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Which pathogen is primarily associated with calf diphtheria?
Which pathogen is primarily associated with calf diphtheria?
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What notable lesion is observed in gastrointestinal diseases caused by rotavirus?
What notable lesion is observed in gastrointestinal diseases caused by rotavirus?
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What is the primary clinical sign of malignant catarrhal fever?
What is the primary clinical sign of malignant catarrhal fever?
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Which viral infection is linked to respiratory and digestive diseases as clinical signs?
Which viral infection is linked to respiratory and digestive diseases as clinical signs?
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What type of lesions are characteristic of Ezoonotic calf pneumonia?
What type of lesions are characteristic of Ezoonotic calf pneumonia?
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Which clinical sign is most closely associated with nervous system diseases?
Which clinical sign is most closely associated with nervous system diseases?
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What is the main cause of intestinal lesions in cases of clostridial enteritis?
What is the main cause of intestinal lesions in cases of clostridial enteritis?
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Which infectious disease is associated with keratoconjunctivitis as a clinical sign?
Which infectious disease is associated with keratoconjunctivitis as a clinical sign?
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What is a common clinical consequence of congenital disorders affecting the nervous system?
What is a common clinical consequence of congenital disorders affecting the nervous system?
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Which of the following viruses is associated with fibrinous pleuropneumonia?
Which of the following viruses is associated with fibrinous pleuropneumonia?
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What is a common cause of aspiration pneumonia in congenital disorders?
What is a common cause of aspiration pneumonia in congenital disorders?
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What is considered a significant environmental trigger for many gastrointestinal diseases?
What is considered a significant environmental trigger for many gastrointestinal diseases?
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Which pathogen is primarily attributed to Myelitis and meningitis in nervous system diseases?
Which pathogen is primarily attributed to Myelitis and meningitis in nervous system diseases?
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Study Notes
Congenital Disorders
- Lesions: Bilateral hydrocephalus, domed head shape, marked bilateral extension of ventricles, reduced surrounding brain parenchyma, cerebellar hypoplasia, and palatoschisis (missing or thin palate membrane).
- Clinical Signs: Lethargic, seizures, poor sucking reflex, wide based stance, low head carriage, and incoordination which includes not sucking.
- Pathogenesis/Causes: In utero viral infections (BVDV and SBV).
Calf Diphtheria
- Lesions: Multifocal, subacute, fibrin-necrotising laryngitis, and diffuse catarrhal enteritis with yellow watery fluid, diffuse segmental, catarrhal and hemorrhagic enteritis.
- Clinical Signs: Anorexia, cough, aspiration pneumonia (affecting the accessory lobe).
- Pathogenesis/Causes: Hereditary, drug-induced, or teratogenic plants.
Gastrointestinal Disease
- Lesions: Multifocal subacute fibrin-necrotising laryngitis, and diffuse catarrhal enteritis (yellow watery fluid). Diffuse, segmental, catarrhal and hemorrhagic enteritis.
- Clinical Signs: Poor appetite (anorexia), cough, aspiration pneumonia affecting the accessory lobe
- Pathogenesis/Causes: Fusobacterium necrophorum, rotavirus, Cryptosporidium, Coronavirus, Adenovirus, and E. coli.
Nervous System Disease
- Lesions: Multifocal to coalescing fibrinous enteritis, multifocal hemorrhage and malacia.
- Clinical Signs: Recumbency, opisthotonos (stargazing), hyperesthesia (rigidity), dullness, blindness, head pressing, and keratoconjunctivitis. Respiratory disease, pustular vulvovaginitis, balanoposthitis, and abortions.
- Pathogenesis/Causes: Clostridium perfringens, Salmonella, inflammation of the central nervous system (encephalitis, meningitis, myelitis), and intoxication (without gross or microscopic lesions) like botulism and tetanus, neoplasia, bovine herpesvirus 1, viral infection causing epithelial and endothelial cell involvement, vasculitis, erosions and ulcers.
Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR)
- Lesions: Multifocal to coalescing fibrinous enteritis, and multifocal hemorrhage and malacia
- Clinical Signs: Respiratory disease, pustular vulvovaginitis, balanoposthitis, abortions
- Pathogenesis/Causes: Viral infection of epithelial cells and endothelia, causing vasculitis and erosions/ulcers.
Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD)
- Lesions: Multifocal to coalescing fibrinous enteritis, multifocal hemorrhage and malacia
- Clinical Signs: Respiratory disease, pustular vulvovaginitis, balanoposthitis, abortions
- Pathogenesis/Causes: Viral infection of epithelial and endothelial cells, causing vasculitis, erosions/ulcers
Malignant Catarrhal Fever (MCF)
- Lesions: Superlative bronchopneumonia, consolidation (firm and gray), dark red in specific lung areas, fibrinous pleuropneumonia (fibrin, congestion, hemorrhage, necrosis, pus, abscess). Fibrin and congestion, hyperaemia, hemorrhage, necrosis, and pus
- Clinical Signs: Pansystemic disease
- Pathogenesis/Causes: Ovines herpesvirus 2, Alcelaphine herpesvirus 2, widespread arteritis/phlebitis and lymphoid proliferation, causing erosions/ulcers
Ezoonotic Calf Pneumonia
- Lesions: Bronchopneumonia, consolidation, firm and grey, dark red in cranioventral lung areas, pleuropneumonia (fibrinous).
- Clinical Signs: Not specified.
- Pathogenesis/Causes: BRSV- bovine respiratory syncytial virus, Pl-3 parainfluenza 3, Mannheimia haemolytica, pasteurella multocida, histophilus somni, mycoplasma bovis, E.coli, P. Aeruginosa, K. Pneumonia, E.coli, F. Necrophorum, Clostridium perfringens, and pyogenic bacteria (staphylococcus, streptococcus, truperella pyrogens).
Mastitis
- Lesions: congestion, hyperaemia, haemorrhage, necrosis, and pus, abscess.
- Clinical Signs: Not specified.
- Pathogenesis/Causes: Bacterial infections (pyogenic bacteria, staphylococcus, streptococcus, truperella pyrogens); other microorganisms (E. coli, P. aeruginosa, K. Pneumonia, E. coli, F. necrophorum, Clostridium perfringens).
Tuberculosis
- Lesions: Multifocal granulomatous pneumonia of the lungs, lymph node granulomatous lymphadenitis.
- Clinical Signs: Not mentioned.
- Pathogenesis/Causes: Mycobacteria bovis, a zoonotic disease.
Ruminitis
- Lesions: Increased thickness of the keratin layer (hyperkeratosis, yellow), parakeratosis (black), subcutaneous edema in the ventral neck, cachexia, and brisket, atrophy of pericardial adipose tissue and bone marrow.
- Clinical Signs: Metabolic acidosis, circulatory shock, diarrhea, laminitis, and overgrowth of micro-organisms (lactobacillus spp, streptococcus bovis, aspergillus sp.)
- Pathogenesis/Causes: High carbohydrate diets leading to lactic acid increase and rumen pH decrease, killing normal microbiota.
Bottle Jaw
- Lesions: Subcutaneous edema in the ventral neck, cachexia, and brisket, atrophy of pericardial adipose tissue and bone marrow.
- Clinical Signs: Swelling under the jaw (bottle jaw)
- Pathogenesis/Causes: Increased hydrostatic pressure (heart failure) , obstruction of interstitial fluid drainage (damaged lymphatics), and buildup of pressure into the venous system, leading to fluid accumulation in tissues.
Johnes Disease
- Lesions: Chronic granulomatous enteritis, appearing "cerebriform", skeletal muscle necrosis.
- Clinical Signs: Malnutrition, depression, tachycardia, respiratory distress, fever (due to toxaemia, bacteriamia, septicaemia) shock, and possibly death.
- Pathogenesis/Causes: Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis, confirmed by histopathology, culture, or PCR.
Blackleg + Gangrene
- Lesions: Necrotizing and hemorrhagic myositis with gas bubble formation.
- Clinical Signs: Tachycardia, respiratory distress, fever, possible shock, and death
- Pathogenesis/Causes: Clostridia, confirmed via PCR, FAT, or IHC.
Polioencephalomalacia
- Lesions: Laminar cerebrocortical necrosis.
- Clinical Signs: Dullness, blindness, head pressing, and sudden death.
- Pathogenesis/Causes: Thiamine deficiency, high sulfur intake, or lead poisoning.
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Description
This quiz covers various congenital disorders and diseases in veterinary medicine, focusing on lesions, clinical signs, and pathogenesis. Key topics include bilateral hydrocephalus, calf diphtheria, and gastrointestinal diseases. Test your knowledge on these critical veterinary conditions.
