Chapter 11 MC

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What does a heart murmur sound like?

A clicking noise

A thumping noise

A swishy noise (correct)

A buzzing noise

How are heart murmurs graded?

From A to F

On a one (I) to six (VI) scale (correct)

By small, medium, and large

Based on their pitch

What is usually the cause of a grade III systolic murmur in adults?

Benign valvular heart disease

Organic pathology (correct)

Mitral valve prolapse with regurgitation

Innocent murmur in childhood

What is a grade IV systolic murmur commonly accompanied by?

A palpable vibration called a thrill Signup and view all the answers

What typically accompanies a short grade II systolic murmur that can be considered normal?

A systolic ejection click Signup and view all the answers

What may not produce an easily heard murmur despite its presence?

Aortic valve stenosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the underlying cause of Aortic Sclerosis valve patients requiring surgery?

Bicuspid aortic valve Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is commonly associated with Aortic Stenosis?

Syncope or dizziness Signup and view all the answers

Where is the abnormal systolic murmur typically heard in patients with Aortic Stenosis?

Aortic area (second intercostal space) Signup and view all the answers

What is the key factor that the gradient in echocardiogram is dependent on in evaluating Aortic Stenosis severity?

Valve area and velocity Signup and view all the answers

In Aortic Stenosis, what Peak Gradient range indicates Severe stenosis?

> 4.5 Signup and view all the answers

Where is the murmur typically heard in a patient with Lesion Aortic Stenosis?

Upper sternum radiating to carotid Signup and view all the answers

In which heart sound phase is the murmur of Mitral Stenosis commonly heard?

Diastolic Signup and view all the answers

Where is the blowing systolic murmur of Mitral Stenosis typically heard?

Apex, radiating to axilla Signup and view all the answers

Where is the rumbling diastolic murmur of Mitral Stenosis commonly heard?

Apex with opening snap Signup and view all the answers

What type of valve disease can be assessed using Transthoracic Echocardiography (TTE)?

Valve stenosis and valve regurgitation Signup and view all the answers

When should Transesophageal Echocardiography (TEE) be used for better visualization?

To assess aortic root disease Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of congenital aortic stenosis?

Sudden death Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of pulmonary valve replacement in a good case?

Low gradients at rest or exercise Signup and view all the answers

Which condition can potentially necessitate surgical intervention in Aortic Regurgitation?

Valve area > 50 mm Signup and view all the answers

Why is the use of Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation (TAVI) controversial?

Its effectiveness is debatable and decreasing Signup and view all the answers

What is an important diagnostic tool for Aortic Regurgitation?

Echocardiogram Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is NOT mentioned as a cause of Aortic Regurgitation?

Hypertension Signup and view all the answers

What can an exercise test reveal about individuals with potential complications from MS?

Their limitations despite decreased activities Signup and view all the answers

Which surgical procedure for MS has largely replaced closed valvotomy since 1985?

Open valvotomy with valve repair Signup and view all the answers

What is a consideration for underwriting individuals with mild MS at older ages who are otherwise healthy?

Valve areas over 1.5 cm2 Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential cause of MS besides complications like stroke and endocarditis?

Ischemic heart disease with papillary muscle cardiomyopathy Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the valve areas in individuals over age 50 with no pulmonary hypertension?

> 2.0 cm2 in area Signup and view all the answers

Why is the approach to take in an asymptomatic individual regarding mitral stenosis considered controversial?

Variability in disease progression Signup and view all the answers