Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary effect of Lactobacilli on vaginal health?
What is the primary effect of Lactobacilli on vaginal health?
They produce lactic acid, which helps maintain an acidic pH in the vagina.
When does Luteinizing Hormone (LH) typically increase during the menstrual cycle?
When does Luteinizing Hormone (LH) typically increase during the menstrual cycle?
LH levels surge midcycle, typically around the time of ovulation.
What is the consequence of douching regarding pregnancy and miscarriage?
What is the consequence of douching regarding pregnancy and miscarriage?
Douching may lead to miscarriage due to the risk of rupturing membranes.
What is the main cause of bacterial vaginosis?
What is the main cause of bacterial vaginosis?
Signup and view all the answers
What can recurrent pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) lead to?
What can recurrent pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) lead to?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the significance of the Mantoux test?
What is the significance of the Mantoux test?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of Chlamydia trachomatis in sexual health?
What is the role of Chlamydia trachomatis in sexual health?
Signup and view all the answers
Why should certain drugs be avoided during pregnancy?
Why should certain drugs be avoided during pregnancy?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a potential symptom of bacterial vaginosis based on the discharge characteristics?
What is a potential symptom of bacterial vaginosis based on the discharge characteristics?
Signup and view all the answers
What condition can occur as a result of recurrent pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)?
What condition can occur as a result of recurrent pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)?
Signup and view all the answers
Which bacterium is considered an obligate pathogen associated with sexually transmitted infections?
Which bacterium is considered an obligate pathogen associated with sexually transmitted infections?
Signup and view all the answers
What does a high pH level (above 4.5) in vaginal fluid typically indicate?
What does a high pH level (above 4.5) in vaginal fluid typically indicate?
Signup and view all the answers
What is one recommended approach to treating fungal candidiasis?
What is one recommended approach to treating fungal candidiasis?
Signup and view all the answers
What might excessive douching lead to during pregnancy?
What might excessive douching lead to during pregnancy?
Signup and view all the answers
What complication can arise from having multiple sexual partners?
What complication can arise from having multiple sexual partners?
Signup and view all the answers
What term is used to describe the adhesion of the liver due to pelvic inflammatory disease?
What term is used to describe the adhesion of the liver due to pelvic inflammatory disease?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the normal pH range of the vagina, and why is it significant?
What is the normal pH range of the vagina, and why is it significant?
Signup and view all the answers
What are two potential outcomes of vertical transmission of syphilis during pregnancy?
What are two potential outcomes of vertical transmission of syphilis during pregnancy?
Signup and view all the answers
List two common symptoms of vulvovaginal candidiasis.
List two common symptoms of vulvovaginal candidiasis.
Signup and view all the answers
Which test is considered the most sensitive and specific for diagnosing syphilis?
Which test is considered the most sensitive and specific for diagnosing syphilis?
Signup and view all the answers
Identify one risk factor that may increase the likelihood of developing a fungal infection.
Identify one risk factor that may increase the likelihood of developing a fungal infection.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the first-line treatment for syphilis, and how is it administered?
What is the first-line treatment for syphilis, and how is it administered?
Signup and view all the answers
What is an appropriate topical treatment for Candida infection?
What is an appropriate topical treatment for Candida infection?
Signup and view all the answers
What receptor does the HIV virus use to bind with lymphoid cells?
What receptor does the HIV virus use to bind with lymphoid cells?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of organism causes vulvovaginal candidiasis?
What type of organism causes vulvovaginal candidiasis?
Signup and view all the answers
What percentage of children born to untreated HIV-positive mothers acquire the infection without intervention?
What percentage of children born to untreated HIV-positive mothers acquire the infection without intervention?
Signup and view all the answers
Describe one general care recommendation for patients with recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis.
Describe one general care recommendation for patients with recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the systemic treatment option for recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis, and how is it administered?
What is the systemic treatment option for recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis, and how is it administered?
Signup and view all the answers
Which physiological condition can cause physiologic discharge to increase?
Which physiological condition can cause physiologic discharge to increase?
Signup and view all the answers
What differential diagnoses should be considered given that the last menstrual period was 10 years ago and the pain has become severe?
What differential diagnoses should be considered given that the last menstrual period was 10 years ago and the pain has become severe?
Signup and view all the answers
What additional information would be essential to gather from the patient?
What additional information would be essential to gather from the patient?
Signup and view all the answers
What working diagnosis could be proposed based on the symptoms described?
What working diagnosis could be proposed based on the symptoms described?
Signup and view all the answers
What long-term implications could arise if the working diagnosis of pelvic inflammatory disease is confirmed?
What long-term implications could arise if the working diagnosis of pelvic inflammatory disease is confirmed?
Signup and view all the answers
Outline two methods of emergency contraception along with their mechanisms of action.
Outline two methods of emergency contraception along with their mechanisms of action.
Signup and view all the answers
What are the opportunistic infections commonly associated with HIV/AIDS?
What are the opportunistic infections commonly associated with HIV/AIDS?
Signup and view all the answers
How are CD4 lymphocyte levels relevant to the risk of developing AIDS?
How are CD4 lymphocyte levels relevant to the risk of developing AIDS?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the treatment for Chancroid and its causative agent?
What is the treatment for Chancroid and its causative agent?
Signup and view all the answers
Describe the lesions caused by Donovanosis and its treatment.
Describe the lesions caused by Donovanosis and its treatment.
Signup and view all the answers
What clinical findings are indicative of Lymphogranuloma venereum?
What clinical findings are indicative of Lymphogranuloma venereum?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of antiretroviral drugs in HIV treatment?
What is the role of antiretroviral drugs in HIV treatment?
Signup and view all the answers
What factors should be considered in analyzing the likelihood of organic disease in chronic pelvic pain?
What factors should be considered in analyzing the likelihood of organic disease in chronic pelvic pain?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the long-term health risks associated with surgical menopause?
What are the long-term health risks associated with surgical menopause?
Signup and view all the answers
What empathetic approach would you take when informing Mrs. Najah of her HIV diagnosis?
What empathetic approach would you take when informing Mrs. Najah of her HIV diagnosis?
Signup and view all the answers
What initial investigations would you recommend for Mrs. Najah now that she has been diagnosed with HIV?
What initial investigations would you recommend for Mrs. Najah now that she has been diagnosed with HIV?
Signup and view all the answers
Outline a specific management plan for Mrs. Najah’s HIV treatment.
Outline a specific management plan for Mrs. Najah’s HIV treatment.
Signup and view all the answers
What considerations should you make when addressing Mrs. Najah's worries about impending death and her children's future?
What considerations should you make when addressing Mrs. Najah's worries about impending death and her children's future?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the probability that Mrs. Najah's children will have HIV, and how would you discuss this with her?
What is the probability that Mrs. Najah's children will have HIV, and how would you discuss this with her?
Signup and view all the answers
Why should Mrs. Najah get her children tested for HIV if they are currently well?
Why should Mrs. Najah get her children tested for HIV if they are currently well?
Signup and view all the answers
What non-invasive ways can be suggested to help manage Mrs. Najah's vulval soreness associated with herpes simplex?
What non-invasive ways can be suggested to help manage Mrs. Najah's vulval soreness associated with herpes simplex?
Signup and view all the answers
How would you assess the efficacy of Mrs. Najah's HIV treatment?
How would you assess the efficacy of Mrs. Najah's HIV treatment?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Vaginal Discharge
- Normal vaginal discharge is commonly known as "Cohn".
- Increased discharge can occur during mid-cycle ovulation and pregnancy.
- Bad smelling discharge can imply a vaginal infection.
- Discharge with a pH of 3-5 indicates an acidic environment.
- Discharge with a pH of 6-7 indicates a less acidic environment.
Causes of Vaginal Discharge
- Fungal vaginitis (Candida) is a common cause of vaginal discharge, often accompanied by itching and a cottage cheese-like texture. It is not sexually transmitted. Topical antifungals are commonly used for treatment.
- Bacterial vaginosis is linked to an imbalance in the vaginal flora. It is often characterized by a fishy odor and grey discharge.
- Trichomoniasis, a sexually transmitted infection, can cause a frothy, yellowish-green discharge with a strong odor.
- Chlamydia trachomatis, another sexually transmitted infection, can cause a mucopurulent discharge.
Complications of Vaginal Discharge
- Uncontrolled vaginal discharge, particularly if caused by bacteria, can lead to miscarriage.
- Uncontrolled vaginal flora imbalances can weaken the vaginal wall and increase susceptibility to other infections.
Other Relevant Information
- Douches should be avoided, as they can disrupt the natural vaginal flora and increase the risk of infections.
- Multiple sexual partners increase the risk of developing sexually transmitted infections.
- The presence of foreign bodies in the vagina can contribute to infection.
- Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) is associated with heavy vaginal discharge and pain.
- Chronic pelvic pain is a possible complication of PID.
- Ectopic pregnancy is when a fertilized egg implants outside the uterus, usually in the fallopian tube. It can lead to severe pain and complications.
- Cervicitis is infection of the cervix.
- Urethritis is infection of the urethra.
- Hydro-salpinx refers to a blockage of the fallopian tube due to fluid buildup.
Treatment and Prevention
- Antibiotics are the common treatment for bacterial vaginosis and Chlamydia.
- Topical antifungals are effective for treating yeast infections.
- Metronidazole is a commonly prescribed antibiotic for vaginal infections.
- Ceftriaxone is recommended for treating certain sexually transmitted infections.
- Safe sex practices and consistent condom use reduce the risk of sexually transmitted infections, including Chlamydia.
- Prompt treatment for infections can reduce the risk of complications.
Other
- Cervical cancer can be caused by a specific type of the Human Papilloma Virus (HPV).
- Genital herpes is another common sexually transmitted infection.
- A smear test can detect abnormal cells, potentially indicative of cervical cancer or other infections.
Study Notes on HSV
- HSV (Herpes Simplex Virus) is a common viral sexually transmitted infection.
- Genital herpes develops in the skin and mucous membranes.
- HSV-1 is generally associated with oral herpes.
- HSV-2 is generally associated with genital herpes.
- HSV can be spread even if no sores are visible.
- Avoid close contact during outbreaks.
- Antiviral medications can be used to treat and prevent HSV infections.
- HSV-2 can have serious implications during pregnancy.
Other Notes
- RIFAMPIN and ETHAMBUTOL are common medications used to treat tuberculosis.
- Ceftriaxone is a third generation cephalosporin antibiotic.
- A cervical biopsy can analyze cells to determine if they are pre-cancerous or cancerous.
Vaginal pH
- Normal vaginal pH is 3.5 to 4.5, which is acidic.
- During ovulation, vaginal pH increases.
- During pregnancy, vaginal pH also increases.
Vaginal Discharge
- Normal vaginal discharge can be clear, white, or slightly yellow.
- It should not have a bad odor.
Bacterial Vaginosis
- Bacterial vaginosis is a common vaginal infection.
- It is not sexually transmitted.
- It is caused by an imbalance of bacteria in the vagina.
- Symptoms include a fishy odor, white or gray discharge, and itching.
- Topical antifungals do not treat bacterial vaginosis.
- Douching is not recommended, as it may increase the risk of vaginal infections and miscarriage.
- Some potential treatment options include metronidazole and clindamycin.
Candidiasis
- Candidiasis is a vaginal yeast infection caused by the fungus Candida albicans.
- It is not sexually transmitted.
- It may be triggered by conditions like antibiotic use, hormonal changes, or a weakened immune system.
- Symptoms include itching, burning, and white, clumpy discharge.
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)
- PID is an infection of the reproductive organs.
- It can be caused by sexually transmitted infections (STIs) like chlamydia, gonorrhea, or mycoplasma.
- Symptoms include lower abdominal pain, fever, and abnormal vaginal discharge.
- PID can lead to serious complications like ectopic pregnancy, infertility, and chronic pelvic pain.
- Potential treatment options include antibiotics.
Chlamydia
- Chlamydia is a common sexually transmitted infection caused by Chlamydia trachomatis bacteria.
- Chlamydia is an obligate intracellular parasite, meaning it can only survive and reproduce inside host cells.
- Symptoms include abnormal vaginal discharge, pain during urination, and lower abdominal pain.
- If left untreated, it can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy, and infertility.
- Treatment involves antibiotics, such as azithromycin or doxycycline.
Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)
- HSV is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the herpes simplex virus.
- It can cause painful sores on the genitals and/or mouth.
- Outbreaks are usually triggered by stress, illness, or a weakened immune system.
- The virus can be transmitted even when no sores are present.
- There is no cure for HSV, but antiviral medications can help reduce the frequency and severity of outbreaks.
Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
- HPV is a common sexually transmitted infection caused by the human papillomavirus.
- Most HPV infections are harmless and go away on their own.
- Certain types of HPV can cause cervical cancer.
- There are vaccines available to protect against HPV infection.
Ectopic Pregnancy
- Ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilized egg implants outside of the uterus, typically in the fallopian tube.
- It can cause severe abdominal pain and bleeding.
- It is a medical emergency and requires immediate medical attention.
Normal Vaginal PH
- Normal vaginal pH is 3.5-4.5 (acidic) due to lactic acid production by lactobacilli (Doderlein bacilli).
- Physiological discharge (leukorrhea) is normal and increases at midcycle (ovulation), during pregnancy, when using combined contraceptive pills, and after intercourse.
Genital Tract Infections
- Venereal (STI): These can be caused by bacteria like Neisseria Gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Treponema Pallidum, and Haemophilus ducreyi. Protozoa like Trichomonas vaginalis and viruses like HPV, HSV, Hepatitis B, and HIV can also cause STIs.
- Non-venereal: This category includes infections like postpartum infection, vulvovaginal candidiasis, and bacterial vaginosis.
Candidiasis
- Caused by fungi, commonly Candida albicans.
- Symptoms include itching, swelling, burning, thick whitish curdy vaginal discharge, painful urination, and painful intercourse.
- Candidiasis is more common after menarche and less common after menopause as the infection requires estrogenated tissues.
Risk Factors For Candidiasis
- Diabetes
- Combined contraceptive pill use
- Pregnancy
- Prolonged antibiotic use (>10 days)
- Steroid and immunosuppressive drugs
- Immunodeficiency diseases like HIV
- Poor eating habits with high sugar intake
- Stress and lack of sleep
Treatment for Candidiasis
- Topical: Vaginal tablets, creams, or pessaries containing clotrimazole, miconazole, imidazole, or nystatin for 3-7 days.
- Systemic: Fluconazole 150 mg (contraindicated in pregnancy).
Treatment for Recurrent Candidiasis
- Patients with recurrent or chronic candidiasis should have hepatitis and HIV tests.
- Weekly oral fluconazole for 6 months may help.
- Induction regimen to treat the acute episode followed by a maintenance regimen to prevent further recurrences.
- Fluconazole 150 mg orally every 72 hours for three doses, followed by a weekly maintenance dose of 150 mg for six months.
Syphilis
- Caused by Treponema pallidum.
- Primary Syphilis: Characterized by a painless chancre (ulcer) at the site of infection.
- Secondary Syphilis: Manifests as a rash, fever, headache, sore throat, and swollen lymph nodes.
- Tertiary Syphilis: Can occur years later and involve multiple organs.
Diagnosis of Syphilis
- Dark field microscopy of a sample taken from the ulcer.
- Blood tests (serology) to detect antibodies:
- FTA (fluorescent treponemal antibody test): Sensitive and specific test.
- VDRL (Venereal Disease Research Laboratory) and RPR (rapid plasma reagin test): Non-specific tests.
Treatment for Syphilis
-
Penicillin: First-line treatment.
- Procaine penicillin 1.2 MU daily intramuscularly for 12 days.
- Benzathine penicillin 2.4 MU intramuscularly, repeated after 7 days.
- Doxycycline: 100 mg twice a day for 14 days.
- Erythromycin: For patients allergic to penicillin.
HIV
- Caused by a retrovirus.
- Viral surface gp120 receptor binds to receptors on lymphoid cells, suppressing T-helper lymphocytes and macrophages.
- Transmission occurs through direct contact with bodily fluids, primarily semen or blood.
- Methods of transmission:
- Sexual contact.
- Parenteral exposure (intravenous drug abuse, transfusions).
- Perinatal transmission (during pregnancy, delivery, or breastfeeding).
Symptoms of HIV
- Early Stages: May be asymptomatic or experience flu-like symptoms.
- AIDS: Immune system is severely compromised, leading to opportunistic infections, cancers, and other complications.
- Common symptoms include:
- Generalized lymphadenopathy.
- Diarrhea.
- Recurrent oral and vaginal candidiasis.
- Frequent oral or genital herpes and warts.
- Opportunistic pathogens like Pneumocystis carinii causing atypical pneumonia.
- Tuberculosis.
- Kaposi's sarcoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
- Cervical carcinoma.
Diagnosis and Monitoring of HIV
- Finding antibodies to gp120 (outer membrane protein that binds to CD4 receptor).
- Normal lymphocyte CD4 in peripheral blood is 0.5%.
- Risk of AIDS development within one year if CD4 levels drop to 0.2%.
- CBC shows lymphopenia and thrombocytopenia.
Treatment for HIV
- Antiretroviral drugs: Reduce virus levels, leading to an increase in CD4 lymphocyte levels.
Other Rare Sexual Transmitted Infections Causing Ulcers
- Chancroid: Caused by Haemophilus ducreyi
- Granuloma Inguinale (Donovanosis): Caused by Calymmatobacterium granulomatis.
- Lymphogranuloma Venereum: Caused by C. trachomatis.
Case Study: Mrs Najah
- Patient presents with vulval sores confirmed as being caused by Herpes Simplex Virus.
- Blood test reveals HIV-1 positivity.
- Investigation results:
- CD4 T-cells: 180 cells/ml.
- HIV Viral load: 80,000 copies/ml.
- HIV resistance test: No resistance to any anti-retroviral drug reported.
Management Plan for Mrs Najah
- Antiretroviral therapy: To control virus levels, and manage symptoms.
- Monitoring: Regular monitoring of CD4 count, viral load, and overall health to assess treatment efficacy.
- Psychological support: Address concerns, anxieties, and worries regarding HIV, treatment, and future.
- Partner notification: Inform partner and encourage testing, counseling, and treatment.
Children's HIV Status
- Children should be tested for HIV.
- Discuss the potential for transmission and the importance of testing with Mrs Najah.
- If children are healthy, testing aims to provide early diagnosis and intervention if necessary.
Case Study: Mrs Rana
- Patient presents with chronic pelvic pain.
- History suggests:
- Pain of unknown etiology, cyclically exacerbated, and worsens with stress.
- Pain persists despite total abdominal hysterectomy.
- Patient requests oophorectomy (removal of ovaries).
Possible Causes of Chronic Pelvic Pain
- Physical: Endometriosis, pelvic inflammatory disease, fibroids, ovarian cysts, adhesions, irritable bowel syndrome, interstitial cystitis.
- Psychosocial: Depression, anxiety, sexual abuse or trauma.
Evaluation of Mrs Rana's Case
- History: Detailed history focusing on menstrual cycle, pelvic pain characteristics, sexual history, and psychological stressors.
- Physical Examination: Thorough pelvic examination, with a focus on any signs of endometriosis, adhesions, or abnormalities.
- Imaging: Ultrasound, MRI, or CT scan to rule out pelvic pathology.
Surgical Menopause and its Effects
- Short-Term: Hot flashes, night sweats, vaginal dryness, mood changes, and sleep disturbances.
- Long-Term: Increased risk of osteoporosis, heart disease, and cognitive decline.
Management Approach to Mrs Rana
- Explain the potential causes of pain, the limitations of oophorectomy, and discuss the risks and benefits of surgical menopause.
- Offer alternative pain management strategies, including medication, physical therapy, and lifestyle modifications.
- Consider psychological counseling to address potential psychosocial factors contributing to pain.
Handling Patient Requests for Unjustified Procedures
- Explain the medical rationale for not recommending the requested procedure.
- Discuss alternative options and their benefits.
- Emphasize the long-term health consequences of oophorectomy.
- Respect the patient's autonomy, but inform her of the potential risks and benefits.
Case Study: Miss Parker
- Patient presents for emergency contraception after unprotected intercourse.
- History of Contraception: Previously used Combined Oral Contraceptive Pill, but currently not using any contraceptive method.
Emergency Contraception
-
Methods:
- Levonorgestrel (Plan B): Progesterone-based pill, effective up to 5 days after unprotected sex, works by delaying ovulation.
- Copper Intrauterine Device (IUD): Effective up to 5 days after unprotected sex (even more effective when inserted within 120 hours), works primarily by preventing fertilization and implantation by creating a hostile environment for sperm and egg.
Contraindications for Emergency Contraception
- Plan B: Contraindicated in cases of known hypersensitivity to levonorgestrel.
- IUD: Contraindicated in cases of active pelvic inflammatory disease, untreated cervical cancer, active vaginal bleeding, or unexplained vaginal bleeding.
Case Study: Miss Parker
-
Additional History:
- Sexual history: Number of partners, sexual activity in the past few months, and previous history of sexually transmitted infections (STIs).
- Age and medical history: To determine if any potential contraindications to emergency contraception.
- Patient preferences: Discuss available options and their potential effectiveness.
Examination and Investigations
- Examination: Pelvic examination to assess for any signs of infection or other abnormalities.
- Investigations: Consider chlamydia and gonorrhea tests.
Advice and Management
- Provide information about emergency contraception methods, their effectiveness, and potential side effects.
- Offer appropriate emergency contraception based on individual circumstances.
- Advise patient about safe sex practices and regular contraceptive use.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
This quiz covers the different types of vaginal discharge, including normal variations and those indicative of infections. It also explores common causes such as fungal vaginitis, bacterial vaginosis, and sexually transmitted infections. Test your knowledge on the characteristics and treatment options associated with vaginal discharge.
