Vaccination Overview

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson
Download our mobile app to listen on the go
Get App

Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of vaccination?

  • To supply nutrients to the body
  • To cure existing diseases in the body
  • To replace damaged immune cells
  • To present the immune system with harmless variants of pathogens (correct)

Which enzyme plays a crucial role in the replication of DNA and recombinant DNA techniques?

  • DNA ligase (correct)
  • RNA polymerase
  • Restriction enzyme
  • DNA polymerase

How do scientists typically use recombinant DNA technology to create vaccines?

  • By synthesizing entirely new pathogens to train the immune system
  • By inserting a pathogen's gene into a carrier to produce a protein for vaccination (correct)
  • By isolating vaccines from naturally occurring pathogens without any modifications
  • By killing pathogens and using their remains for vaccines

What is a plasmid?

<p>A small ring of DNA that carries accessory genes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concerns must scientists address when developing a vaccine?

<p>Safety and effectiveness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the chickenpox virus after an individual recovers from the illness?

<p>It remains dormant in the spinal cord. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is a new flu vaccine necessary every year?

<p>The flu virus constantly undergoes genetic changes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom associated with shingles that may appear after having chickenpox?

<p>Localized nerve pain and rash. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many restriction sites must be considered when analyzing plasmid alterations?

<p>Both the restriction sites before and after altering the plasmid. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What misconception does Jimmy have regarding chickenpox immunity?

<p>Recovery from chickenpox leads to lifelong immunity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is NOT associated with effective vaccines?

<p>Require numerous booster doses (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of live attenuated vaccines?

<p>They typically provide long-lasting immunity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary function of herd immunity in a population?

<p>To protect individuals who are not vaccinated (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of vaccine requires the use of large doses and more boosters?

<p>Killed or inactive vaccines (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of using restriction enzymes in genetic engineering?

<p>To cut DNA at specific sequences (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are plasmids considered important tools in genetic engineering?

<p>They can independently replicate DNA sequences (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a disadvantage of edible vaccines?

<p>They may cause immune tolerance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'sticky ends' refer to in recombinant DNA technology?

<p>Complementary single-stranded DNA ends (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is HaeIII not suitable for creating recombinant DNA?

<p>It produces blunt ends (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is used to analyze and compare the original plasmid and engineered plasmid?

<p>Restriction digestion and gel electrophoresis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main roles of DNA ligase in recombinant DNA technology?

<p>To join DNA fragments together (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of vaccination method is primarily based on altering live pathogens?

<p>Live attenuated vaccines (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of naked DNA vaccines?

<p>They involve insertion of pathogen DNA into recipient cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Vaccination

A procedure that introduces a harmless version of a pathogen into the body, causing an immune response that creates long-term protection.

Vaccine

A harmless variant of a pathogen used in vaccination to stimulate the immune system without causing disease.

Recombinant DNA

A laboratory-made DNA molecule created by combining genetic material from different sources.

Recombinant DNA technology

A technique used to manipulate DNA, enabling scientists to create new sequences or genes with desired traits.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Plasmid

A small circular DNA molecule found in bacteria, separate from the main chromosome, that can carry extra genes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Viral Evolution

The ability of a pathogen to change its genetic makeup over time, leading to new strains with different antigens, so previous exposure may not provide sufficient immunity.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Latent Viral Infection

A dormant viral infection that can reactivate later in life, causing disease.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Antigen

A specific molecule on the surface of a pathogen that triggers an immune response.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Gel Electrophoresis

The process of separating DNA molecules by size using an electric current and an agarose gel.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Genetic Engineering

The intentional modification of an organism's genetic material to introduce new traits or enhance existing ones.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Live Attenuated Vaccine

A vaccine that uses a weakened version of the disease-causing pathogen, but still stimulates an immune response. The weakened pathogen cannot cause illness, but it can trigger the body to develop antibodies and immunity.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Killed or Inactivated Vaccine

A vaccine that uses a killed version of the pathogen. The pathogen is inactivated, so it cannot cause disease, but it can still expose the immune system to its antigens.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Toxoid Vaccine

A vaccine that uses a purified toxin produced by a pathogen to stimulate an immune response. It teaches the body to recognize and neutralize the toxin.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Genetically Modified Vaccine

A vaccine using a genetically modified pathogen to stimulate an immune response. The modified pathogen produces a specific protein that triggers immunity.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Naked DNA Vaccine

A vaccine that uses a segment of the pathogen's DNA to stimulate an immune response. The DNA inserts itself into the recipient's cells, instructing them to produce the pathogen's proteins.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Herd Immunity

The protection of a population from a disease when a sufficiently high percentage of the population is immune to the disease. This immunity can be achieved through vaccination or prior infection.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Restriction Enzymes

Enzymes that cut DNA at specific sequences, acting like molecular 'scissors'. They are crucial for gene editing and creating recombinant DNA.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Sticky ends

A type of DNA cut produced by some restriction enzymes, where the ends of the cut DNA have unpaired bases that can pair with complementary ends. This allows for the joining of different DNA fragments.

Signup and view all the flashcards

DNA ligase

An enzyme that joins DNA fragments together, acting as molecular 'glue'. It's essential for creating recombinant DNA by sealing the gaps between DNA pieces.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Recombinant Plasmid

A molecule of DNA that has been engineered to carry and express a gene of interest. It is often a modified plasmid that can be introduced into cells for gene expression and manipulation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Restriction Digestion

A process of using restriction enzymes to cut DNA at specific sequences and then separating the resulting fragments using gel electrophoresis. This can be used to identify and analyze specific genes or DNA sequences.

Signup and view all the flashcards

HaeIII

A highly specific restriction enzyme that produces 'blunt ends' when cutting DNA, without any unpaired bases. This can make it difficult to join DNA fragments together, making it less useful in genetic engineering.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Edible Vaccine

A method of delivering a vaccine using edible plants that have been genetically engineered to produce antigens. This approach offers potential advantages like ease of delivery, affordability, and accessibility.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Immune Tolerance

The potential for an edible vaccine to induce tolerance instead of immunity, meaning the immune system may not mount a strong enough response against the target pathogen.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Vaccination

  • Vaccination is a procedure that exposes the immune system to a harmless pathogen variant, stimulating long-term defense.
  • Vaccines are harmless pathogen variants that stimulate the immune system's defense mechanisms.
  • Effective vaccines have low side effects, protect against natural pathogen variants, stimulate both antibody and cell-mediated responses, create long-term immunological memory, require few doses/boosters, and are inexpensive, stable, and easy to administer.
  • Common administration routes are subcutaneous, intramuscular, and intradermal injections; oral vaccines exist for a limited number of diseases.
  • Vaccine types include:
    • Killed/inactivated: Harmless, recognizable antigens, need multiple doses.
    • Live attenuated: Long-lasting, fewer boosters, risk of reversion to pathogenicity.
    • Toxoid: Purified toxin elicits an immune response.
    • Genetically modified: Microbial antigen genes create proteins for immunity.
    • Naked DNA: Contains pathogen DNA to trigger cellular immunity.
  • Herd immunity occurs when a large portion of a population is vaccinated reducing disease incidence.

Recombinant DNA

  • Recombinant DNA is a laboratory-created DNA molecule combining genetic material from different sources.
  • Recombinant DNA technology allows scientists to manipulate DNA to create new sequences or desired genes.
  • Plasmids are small DNA rings with accessory genes outside the bacterial chromosome.
  • Vectors are agents like plasmids or viruses that carry modified genetic material.
  • Genes are discrete units of hereditary information encoded in DNA.
  • Restriction enzymes cut DNA at specific sequences.
  • DNA ligase joins DNA fragments.

Vaccine Development Concerns

  • Scientists must ensure vaccine safety and effectiveness.
  • Recombinant DNA technology can isolate a pathogen gene, insert it into a vector, and produce a vaccine protein without causing disease.

Vaccine Production Methods

  • Scientists use various methods to create vaccines, including but not limited to inactivating the pathogen to create a harmless vaccine.

Bacterial vs. Human DNA

  • Bacterial DNA is usually a single circular chromosome in the cytoplasm.
  • Human DNA is organized into linear chromosomes within a nucleus.

Importance of Plasmids and Bacterial Cells

  • Plasmids, naturally occurring vectors, make introducing foreign DNA into bacteria simple, allowing manipulation and controlled gene replication.

Recombinant DNA Procedure

  • Restriction enzymes (scissors) cut DNA at specific sequences.
  • Plasmids are cut with the same restriction enzyme, creating openings for insertion.
  • The gene of interest is placed into the plasmid.
  • DNA ligase (glue) joins the fragments.
  • The result is recombinant DNA.

Molecular Tools

  • Restriction enzymes cut DNA (scissors).
  • DNA ligase joins DNA (glue).

Guidelines for Creating New Plasmids

  • Use one restriction enzyme that cuts the plasmid ring and the viral gene. Do not cut too many small fragments. Ensure sticky ends.
  • Do not remove more than 20 base pairs.
  • Do not interrupt the origin of replication (ori) and antibiotic resistance gene.

Restriction Enzyme Use

  • Plasmids and DNA to insert must be cut with the same restriction enzyme to create complementary sticky ends for joining.

HaeIII Usage

  • HaeIII is not ideal for recombinant DNA work as it produces blunt ends, hard to join.

Molecular Tools in Lab Activity

  • Restriction enzymes & DNA ligase act as molecular scissors and glue.

Edible Vaccines

  • Advantages: Easy, affordable and accessible administration.
  • Disadvantages: Immune tolerance concerns and efficiency/safety research needed.

Comparing Plasmids

  • Restriction digestion and gel electrophoresis can compare the primary vs. engineered plasmid. Observe the number of restriction sites before and after alteration.

Recurring Chickenpox

  • Chickenpox can be reactivated from a latent state in the spinal cord later in life, triggering shingles.

Annual Flu Vaccine Need

  • Flu viruses constantly mutate, requiring yearly vaccine updates to maintain immune protection.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

More Like This

Vaccination History and Immune System Quiz
14 questions
Microbes and the Immune System: Vaccination
27 questions
Immune System and Vaccination Overview
16 questions
Vaccination and Immune System Overview
29 questions
Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Browser