Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary purpose of vaccination?
What is the primary purpose of vaccination?
- To supply nutrients to the body
- To cure existing diseases in the body
- To replace damaged immune cells
- To present the immune system with harmless variants of pathogens (correct)
Which enzyme plays a crucial role in the replication of DNA and recombinant DNA techniques?
Which enzyme plays a crucial role in the replication of DNA and recombinant DNA techniques?
- DNA ligase (correct)
- RNA polymerase
- Restriction enzyme
- DNA polymerase
How do scientists typically use recombinant DNA technology to create vaccines?
How do scientists typically use recombinant DNA technology to create vaccines?
- By synthesizing entirely new pathogens to train the immune system
- By inserting a pathogen's gene into a carrier to produce a protein for vaccination (correct)
- By isolating vaccines from naturally occurring pathogens without any modifications
- By killing pathogens and using their remains for vaccines
What is a plasmid?
What is a plasmid?
What concerns must scientists address when developing a vaccine?
What concerns must scientists address when developing a vaccine?
What happens to the chickenpox virus after an individual recovers from the illness?
What happens to the chickenpox virus after an individual recovers from the illness?
Why is a new flu vaccine necessary every year?
Why is a new flu vaccine necessary every year?
What is a common symptom associated with shingles that may appear after having chickenpox?
What is a common symptom associated with shingles that may appear after having chickenpox?
How many restriction sites must be considered when analyzing plasmid alterations?
How many restriction sites must be considered when analyzing plasmid alterations?
What misconception does Jimmy have regarding chickenpox immunity?
What misconception does Jimmy have regarding chickenpox immunity?
Which characteristic is NOT associated with effective vaccines?
Which characteristic is NOT associated with effective vaccines?
What is the primary advantage of live attenuated vaccines?
What is the primary advantage of live attenuated vaccines?
What is a primary function of herd immunity in a population?
What is a primary function of herd immunity in a population?
Which type of vaccine requires the use of large doses and more boosters?
Which type of vaccine requires the use of large doses and more boosters?
What is the main purpose of using restriction enzymes in genetic engineering?
What is the main purpose of using restriction enzymes in genetic engineering?
Why are plasmids considered important tools in genetic engineering?
Why are plasmids considered important tools in genetic engineering?
What is a disadvantage of edible vaccines?
What is a disadvantage of edible vaccines?
What does the term 'sticky ends' refer to in recombinant DNA technology?
What does the term 'sticky ends' refer to in recombinant DNA technology?
Why is HaeIII not suitable for creating recombinant DNA?
Why is HaeIII not suitable for creating recombinant DNA?
Which method is used to analyze and compare the original plasmid and engineered plasmid?
Which method is used to analyze and compare the original plasmid and engineered plasmid?
What is one of the main roles of DNA ligase in recombinant DNA technology?
What is one of the main roles of DNA ligase in recombinant DNA technology?
Which type of vaccination method is primarily based on altering live pathogens?
Which type of vaccination method is primarily based on altering live pathogens?
Which of the following is a characteristic of naked DNA vaccines?
Which of the following is a characteristic of naked DNA vaccines?
Flashcards
Vaccination
Vaccination
A procedure that introduces a harmless version of a pathogen into the body, causing an immune response that creates long-term protection.
Vaccine
Vaccine
A harmless variant of a pathogen used in vaccination to stimulate the immune system without causing disease.
Recombinant DNA
Recombinant DNA
A laboratory-made DNA molecule created by combining genetic material from different sources.
Recombinant DNA technology
Recombinant DNA technology
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Plasmid
Plasmid
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Viral Evolution
Viral Evolution
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Latent Viral Infection
Latent Viral Infection
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Antigen
Antigen
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Gel Electrophoresis
Gel Electrophoresis
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Genetic Engineering
Genetic Engineering
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Live Attenuated Vaccine
Live Attenuated Vaccine
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Killed or Inactivated Vaccine
Killed or Inactivated Vaccine
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Toxoid Vaccine
Toxoid Vaccine
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Genetically Modified Vaccine
Genetically Modified Vaccine
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Naked DNA Vaccine
Naked DNA Vaccine
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Herd Immunity
Herd Immunity
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Restriction Enzymes
Restriction Enzymes
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Sticky ends
Sticky ends
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DNA ligase
DNA ligase
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Recombinant Plasmid
Recombinant Plasmid
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Restriction Digestion
Restriction Digestion
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HaeIII
HaeIII
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Edible Vaccine
Edible Vaccine
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Immune Tolerance
Immune Tolerance
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Study Notes
Vaccination
- Vaccination is a procedure that exposes the immune system to a harmless pathogen variant, stimulating long-term defense.
- Vaccines are harmless pathogen variants that stimulate the immune system's defense mechanisms.
- Effective vaccines have low side effects, protect against natural pathogen variants, stimulate both antibody and cell-mediated responses, create long-term immunological memory, require few doses/boosters, and are inexpensive, stable, and easy to administer.
- Common administration routes are subcutaneous, intramuscular, and intradermal injections; oral vaccines exist for a limited number of diseases.
- Vaccine types include:
- Killed/inactivated: Harmless, recognizable antigens, need multiple doses.
- Live attenuated: Long-lasting, fewer boosters, risk of reversion to pathogenicity.
- Toxoid: Purified toxin elicits an immune response.
- Genetically modified: Microbial antigen genes create proteins for immunity.
- Naked DNA: Contains pathogen DNA to trigger cellular immunity.
- Herd immunity occurs when a large portion of a population is vaccinated reducing disease incidence.
Recombinant DNA
- Recombinant DNA is a laboratory-created DNA molecule combining genetic material from different sources.
- Recombinant DNA technology allows scientists to manipulate DNA to create new sequences or desired genes.
- Plasmids are small DNA rings with accessory genes outside the bacterial chromosome.
- Vectors are agents like plasmids or viruses that carry modified genetic material.
- Genes are discrete units of hereditary information encoded in DNA.
- Restriction enzymes cut DNA at specific sequences.
- DNA ligase joins DNA fragments.
Vaccine Development Concerns
- Scientists must ensure vaccine safety and effectiveness.
- Recombinant DNA technology can isolate a pathogen gene, insert it into a vector, and produce a vaccine protein without causing disease.
Vaccine Production Methods
- Scientists use various methods to create vaccines, including but not limited to inactivating the pathogen to create a harmless vaccine.
Bacterial vs. Human DNA
- Bacterial DNA is usually a single circular chromosome in the cytoplasm.
- Human DNA is organized into linear chromosomes within a nucleus.
Importance of Plasmids and Bacterial Cells
- Plasmids, naturally occurring vectors, make introducing foreign DNA into bacteria simple, allowing manipulation and controlled gene replication.
Recombinant DNA Procedure
- Restriction enzymes (scissors) cut DNA at specific sequences.
- Plasmids are cut with the same restriction enzyme, creating openings for insertion.
- The gene of interest is placed into the plasmid.
- DNA ligase (glue) joins the fragments.
- The result is recombinant DNA.
Molecular Tools
- Restriction enzymes cut DNA (scissors).
- DNA ligase joins DNA (glue).
Guidelines for Creating New Plasmids
- Use one restriction enzyme that cuts the plasmid ring and the viral gene. Do not cut too many small fragments. Ensure sticky ends.
- Do not remove more than 20 base pairs.
- Do not interrupt the origin of replication (ori) and antibiotic resistance gene.
Restriction Enzyme Use
- Plasmids and DNA to insert must be cut with the same restriction enzyme to create complementary sticky ends for joining.
HaeIII Usage
- HaeIII is not ideal for recombinant DNA work as it produces blunt ends, hard to join.
Molecular Tools in Lab Activity
- Restriction enzymes & DNA ligase act as molecular scissors and glue.
Edible Vaccines
- Advantages: Easy, affordable and accessible administration.
- Disadvantages: Immune tolerance concerns and efficiency/safety research needed.
Comparing Plasmids
- Restriction digestion and gel electrophoresis can compare the primary vs. engineered plasmid. Observe the number of restriction sites before and after alteration.
Recurring Chickenpox
- Chickenpox can be reactivated from a latent state in the spinal cord later in life, triggering shingles.
Annual Flu Vaccine Need
- Flu viruses constantly mutate, requiring yearly vaccine updates to maintain immune protection.
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