Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which type of vaccine uses a killed pathogen combined with an adjuvant?
Which type of vaccine uses a killed pathogen combined with an adjuvant?
What is the primary benefit of immunological memory in vaccines?
What is the primary benefit of immunological memory in vaccines?
Which of the following best describes what an adjuvant does in vaccines?
Which of the following best describes what an adjuvant does in vaccines?
What is a potential public health impact of vaccines?
What is a potential public health impact of vaccines?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of vaccine involves cloning genes for protective antigens and expressing them in a vaccine vector?
Which type of vaccine involves cloning genes for protective antigens and expressing them in a vaccine vector?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a key characteristic of the live attenuated influenza viruses (LAIV)?
What is a key characteristic of the live attenuated influenza viruses (LAIV)?
Signup and view all the answers
Which population is known to have safety issues with live attenuated influenza vaccines?
Which population is known to have safety issues with live attenuated influenza vaccines?
Signup and view all the answers
Which vaccines are included in the UK immunisation schedule for children?
Which vaccines are included in the UK immunisation schedule for children?
Signup and view all the answers
For which demographic is the LAIV particularly ineffective?
For which demographic is the LAIV particularly ineffective?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of immune activation in the vaccine design process?
What is the role of immune activation in the vaccine design process?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of vaccine is known for using nucleic acids as a platform?
What type of vaccine is known for using nucleic acids as a platform?
Signup and view all the answers
Which characteristic applies to subunit vaccines?
Which characteristic applies to subunit vaccines?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a common misconception about the effectiveness of immunization?
What is a common misconception about the effectiveness of immunization?
Signup and view all the answers
What kind of viral vector is commonly used in SARS-CoV-2 vaccine development?
What kind of viral vector is commonly used in SARS-CoV-2 vaccine development?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a disadvantage of live attenuated vaccines?
What is a disadvantage of live attenuated vaccines?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of vaccine is the Inactivated Polio vaccine?
What type of vaccine is the Inactivated Polio vaccine?
Signup and view all the answers
Which vaccine is considered a live attenuated vaccine?
Which vaccine is considered a live attenuated vaccine?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary goal of the Germinal Centre reaction in Immunology?
What is the primary goal of the Germinal Centre reaction in Immunology?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of antibodies are primarily induced by most vaccines?
Which type of antibodies are primarily induced by most vaccines?
Signup and view all the answers
What common feature differentiates memory T lymphocytes from naive T lymphocytes?
What common feature differentiates memory T lymphocytes from naive T lymphocytes?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following vaccines is listed as a subunit vaccine?
Which of the following vaccines is listed as a subunit vaccine?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a primary benefit of inducing herd immunity through vaccination?
What is a primary benefit of inducing herd immunity through vaccination?
Signup and view all the answers
Which condition can be addressed by the Meningococcal C vaccine?
Which condition can be addressed by the Meningococcal C vaccine?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of class switching in B cells?
What is the purpose of class switching in B cells?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of these is a known adverse effect of some vaccinations?
Which of these is a known adverse effect of some vaccinations?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of Long Lived Plasma cells in the immune response?
What is the role of Long Lived Plasma cells in the immune response?
Signup and view all the answers
Which vaccination strategy involves using weakened forms of the virus?
Which vaccination strategy involves using weakened forms of the virus?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Microbes and the Immune System: Vaccination
- Vaccination is a method to build immunity against pathogens like viruses and bacteria.
- This achieved by introducing live, killed, or altered antigens.
- These antigens stimulate the body to produce antibodies against more dangerous forms of the pathogen.
Key Learning Objective
- Understand the core principles of immunological memory and its significance for successful vaccination.
Intended Learning Objectives
- Understand the cellular basis of immunological memory.
- Explain why immunological memory provides immunity to infection.
- Describe how vaccines utilize memory to eliminate infectious diseases.
- Detail the strategies used in vaccine creation.
Vaccination
- Vaccination is a method for developing immunity against infectious agents like viruses or bacteria.
- Vaccination involves the introduction of live, killed, or altered antigens.
- This stimulates the body's immune response to produce antibodies against dangerous forms of the pathogens.
Measles
- A single infection with measles offers lifelong protection against the disease.
Vaccination - Edward Jenner
- Edward Jenner, a Gloucester general practitioner, practiced variolation.
- He was variolated himself.
- In 1765, Fewster recognized the potential of cowpox to protect against smallpox.
- Jenner performed the first successful vaccination trial with James Phipps in 1796.
Public Reaction
- Vaccination is considered one of the most significant healthcare interventions in history.
- Smallpox was eradicated due to vaccination.
Understand the Cellular Basis of Immunological Memory
- A key concept in vaccination is the cellular basis of immunological memory.
Vaccines Induce Memory
- Vaccines stimulate a response that leads to the development of immunological memory.
- This response involves antigen recognition, lymphocyte activation, and antigen elimination.
- Key stages include: differentiation, and clonal expansion of lymphocytes, antibody production, and cell-mediated immunity.
Why does immunological memory provide immunity to infection?
- Memory cells (B and T lymphocytes) persist in the body after an initial infection.
- Subsequent encounters with the same pathogen trigger a faster and more robust immune response.
- This prevents re-infection or reduces the severity of the disease.
Memory vs Naïve Lymphocytes
- Memory lymphocytes (B and T)cells survive longer compared to naive ones.
- Memory B cells have higher frequencies than naïve B cells
- Memory cells exhibit enhanced speed of proliferation and increased antibody production.
- Memory cells have a lower activation threshold for antigen recognition.
- Memory cells mount better effector functions in comparison with naïve cells.
Secondary Antibody Responses
- Secondary antibody responses are characterized by a faster, higher antibody level and isotype switching.
- This occurs because the secondary response utilizes memory cells.
- Antibodies exhibit higher affinity for antigens during the secondary response.
Why are secondary responses better?
- The germinal centre reaction enhances affinity maturation and class switching in memory B cells.
- Persistent plasma cells ensure a long-lasting antibody response.
Most Vaccines Work By Inducing Long-Lived Plasma Cells and Antibody Responses
- Vaccines help create a population of durable plasma cells and antibody responses.
- The duration of antibody responses differs depending on the vaccine type.
T Cell Vaccines
- T cells play a vital role in immunity against infections.
- Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) kill target cells infected with viruses like influenza.
- CD8 T cells and CD4 T cells act as key players in these responses
How do vaccines exploit memory and eliminate infectious diseases?
- Vaccines stimulate an initial immune response.
- This primes the immune system to recognize the pathogen if it's encountered in the future.
- This triggers a quicker, more powerful response to prevent infection or reduce its severity.
Routine UK Immunisations
- The UK has a routine vaccination schedule.
- This includes live-attenuated, killed, and subunit-type vaccinations.
What is an Adjuvant?
- Adjuvants are substances that boost the immune response to an antigen.
- Adjuvants act non-specifically to enhance the immune response to antigens.
How to Make Vaccines
- Attenuated, killed, subunit, recombinant subunit and nucleic acid vaccines are different types of vaccines.
- Each type utilizes distinct strategies to elicit an immune response.
- Attenuation, killing and cloning genes to create safe yet effective vaccines are different strategies to produce effective vaccines.
Intended Learning Objectives
- Understand the cellular basis of immunological memory.
- Explore the mechanism of immunological memory in providing immunity to infection.
- Investigate how vaccines exploit immunological memory to eradicate infectious diseases.
- Detail the various strategies used in vaccine creation.
SARS-CoV-2: Antigen Identification
- Spike proteins aid SARS-CoV-2 to attach to ACE2 receptors on human cells.
- This facilitates the virus getting inside human cells.
SARS-CoV-2: Vaccine Platform Technologies
- Different types of vaccines, including RNA, vector, live-attenuated, and protein subunit, are in use or undergoing development.
- These vaccines use various technologies for antigen delivery or expression.
SARS-CoV-2: Vaccine Delivery/Immune Activation
- Inactivated viral vectors, nucleic acids, and protein subunits are utilized in the development of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.
- Immunization with these vaccines leads to the production of antibodies and cytotoxic T cells.
What is an Adjuvant?
- Adjuvants boost the immune response to antigens without targeting the specific antigen.
- They are crucial for effective vaccine delivery.
Vaccine Design Process
- The process involves antigen identification, vaccine delivery, and immune activation.
- Successful vaccine design relies on identifying targeted antigens that activate components of the immune response.
- The vaccine delivery system ensures the antigen reaches the immune cells.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Explore the fundamental principles of vaccination and its role in developing immunity against pathogens. This quiz delves into the mechanisms of immunological memory and how vaccines harness this memory to combat infectious diseases. Learn about the cellular basis of immunity and the strategies behind vaccine creation.
