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Questions and Answers
What is the primary purpose of vaccination?
What is the primary purpose of vaccination?
Which statement about polio is correct?
Which statement about polio is correct?
What triggers the memory cells in the adaptive immune system?
What triggers the memory cells in the adaptive immune system?
How do combination vaccines function?
How do combination vaccines function?
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Which organization is responsible for updating the immunization schedule in the United States?
Which organization is responsible for updating the immunization schedule in the United States?
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What type of immune response does vaccination aim to stimulate?
What type of immune response does vaccination aim to stimulate?
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What factor does NOT influence the choice of vaccine for a patient?
What factor does NOT influence the choice of vaccine for a patient?
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What is the term used to describe material that generates antibodies but is not disease-causing?
What is the term used to describe material that generates antibodies but is not disease-causing?
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Why might some people not notice they are infected after vaccination?
Why might some people not notice they are infected after vaccination?
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What role do memory cells play in the immune system?
What role do memory cells play in the immune system?
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What characterizes inactivated vaccines?
What characterizes inactivated vaccines?
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What is a primary advantage of live-attenuated vaccines over inactivated vaccines?
What is a primary advantage of live-attenuated vaccines over inactivated vaccines?
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Which of the following is true about subunit vaccines?
Which of the following is true about subunit vaccines?
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In what way do toxoid vaccines function?
In what way do toxoid vaccines function?
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What is a feature of mRNA vaccines?
What is a feature of mRNA vaccines?
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Which type of vaccine uses a harmless virus to deliver pathogens' genetic material?
Which type of vaccine uses a harmless virus to deliver pathogens' genetic material?
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What is a disadvantage of live-attenuated vaccines?
What is a disadvantage of live-attenuated vaccines?
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How are recombinant vaccines produced?
How are recombinant vaccines produced?
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What is a characteristic of conjugate vaccines?
What is a characteristic of conjugate vaccines?
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What potential use do future experimental DNA vaccines have?
What potential use do future experimental DNA vaccines have?
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What is the main purpose of administering prophylactic antibiotics before dental procedures?
What is the main purpose of administering prophylactic antibiotics before dental procedures?
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How does mass prophylaxis protect individuals during an epidemic?
How does mass prophylaxis protect individuals during an epidemic?
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What is a critical characteristic of Immune Serum Globulin (ISG)?
What is a critical characteristic of Immune Serum Globulin (ISG)?
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Why is Specific Immune Globulin (SIG) often preferred over Immune Serum Globulin (ISG)?
Why is Specific Immune Globulin (SIG) often preferred over Immune Serum Globulin (ISG)?
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Which of the following is a potential drawback of using horse-derived antiserum?
Which of the following is a potential drawback of using horse-derived antiserum?
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What duration of protection does Immune Serum Globulin (ISG) typically provide?
What duration of protection does Immune Serum Globulin (ISG) typically provide?
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What type of patients is Specific Immune Globulin (SIG) primarily used for?
What type of patients is Specific Immune Globulin (SIG) primarily used for?
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Which of the following is a primary function of immunotherapy?
Which of the following is a primary function of immunotherapy?
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How is Specific Immune Globulin (SIG) obtained?
How is Specific Immune Globulin (SIG) obtained?
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What type of infections can Immune Serum Globulin (ISG) help to prevent?
What type of infections can Immune Serum Globulin (ISG) help to prevent?
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Match the following types of immunotherapy with their descriptions:
Match the following types of immunotherapy with their descriptions:
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Match the following infections with their related immunotherapy:
Match the following infections with their related immunotherapy:
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Match the types of antibodies with their sources:
Match the types of antibodies with their sources:
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Match the following timeframes to their corresponding immunotherapy protections:
Match the following timeframes to their corresponding immunotherapy protections:
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Match the following aspects with their relevance to immunotherapy:
Match the following aspects with their relevance to immunotherapy:
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Match each type of serum with its characteristic:
Match each type of serum with its characteristic:
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Match the following pathogens with the type of immunotherapy used:
Match the following pathogens with the type of immunotherapy used:
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Match the forms of immunity with their source:
Match the forms of immunity with their source:
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Match the term with its corresponding concept:
Match the term with its corresponding concept:
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Match the following types of infections with the corresponding type of therapy:
Match the following types of infections with the corresponding type of therapy:
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Match the following diseases with their vaccination type:
Match the following diseases with their vaccination type:
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Match the following organizations with their roles in vaccination:
Match the following organizations with their roles in vaccination:
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Match the following vaccine characteristics with their descriptions:
Match the following vaccine characteristics with their descriptions:
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Match the primary immune responses with their outcomes:
Match the primary immune responses with their outcomes:
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Match the following terms with their meanings:
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Match the following factors with their considerations in vaccine choice:
Match the following factors with their considerations in vaccine choice:
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Match the following types of vaccination with their examples:
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Match the vaccine types with their advantages:
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Match the following stages of immune response with their timing:
Match the following stages of immune response with their timing:
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Match the following vaccine types with their descriptions:
Match the following vaccine types with their descriptions:
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Match the following vaccine components with their examples:
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Match the following advantages and disadvantages to their respective vaccine types:
Match the following advantages and disadvantages to their respective vaccine types:
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Match the following types of vaccines with their mechanism of action:
Match the following types of vaccines with their mechanism of action:
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Match the following vaccine types with their examples:
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Match the following clades of vaccines to their unique traits:
Match the following clades of vaccines to their unique traits:
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Match the following types of vaccines with their storage requirements:
Match the following types of vaccines with their storage requirements:
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Match the vaccines to their primary use:
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Match the following vaccine types with their developmental methods:
Match the following vaccine types with their developmental methods:
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What is necessary to achieve herd immunity against measles?
What is necessary to achieve herd immunity against measles?
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What misconception contributed to vaccine hesitancy in the public?
What misconception contributed to vaccine hesitancy in the public?
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Which of the following best describes the role of memory cells created by vaccines?
Which of the following best describes the role of memory cells created by vaccines?
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What does the term 'R0' signify regarding the measles virus?
What does the term 'R0' signify regarding the measles virus?
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How does vaccination primarily benefit vulnerable populations?
How does vaccination primarily benefit vulnerable populations?
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What common concern about vaccines has been proven to be incorrect?
What common concern about vaccines has been proven to be incorrect?
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Study Notes
Vaccination
- The discovery of vaccination marked a significant advancement in medicine, resulting in a substantial decrease in the prevalence and impact of numerous infectious diseases.
- While diseases like smallpox and polio have been eradicated or significantly reduced in much of the world, polio remains endemic in Pakistan and Afghanistan.
- The World Health Organization (WHO) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) update the recommended immunization schedule annually for infants, children, and adults.
- Vaccines are named after the disease or pathogen they target, sometimes using brand or trade names. Combination vaccines offer protection against multiple pathogens.
- When a pathogen infects a human body, the adaptive immune system mounts a response. If the person survives, memory cells retain a record of the encounter.
- Subsequent exposure to the same pathogen triggers a faster and more powerful immune response, preventing severe illness.
- Vaccination aims to induce this strong immune response without actual infection. Vaccines expose the body to antigenic material, which stimulates antibody production and "warns" the immune system, without causing disease.
- Different vaccine types exist, chosen based on pathogen type, patient health, and vaccine availability.
Vaccine Types
- Inactivated Vaccines: Pathogens are killed using heat, chemicals, or other agents, preserving their antigenicity. Examples include the flu vaccine (injection).
-
Live-Attenuated Vaccines:
- Pathogens are cultivated but weakened to lessen virulence.
- These weakened pathogens stimulate immunity without causing disease.
- Examples include the MMR vaccine.
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Advantages of Live Vaccines:
- Long-lasting protection.
- Fewer doses and boosters usually required.
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Disadvantages of Live Vaccines:
- Require special storage.
- Potential transmission to others, posing a risk to immunocompromised individuals.
- Possible reversion to a virulent strain.
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Subunit Vaccines:
- Include recombinant, polysaccharide, and conjugate vaccines.
- Utilize specific antigenic determinants of pathogens to stimulate the immune system.
- Antigens are isolated from cultures, produced through genetic engineering, or synthesized.
- Examples include vaccines against pneumococcus, meningococcus, anthrax, and hepatitis B.
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Recombinant Vaccines:
- Genes for a pathogen's antigen are inserted into a plasmid vector and cloned into a host.
- The host synthesizes and secretes the antigen, which is then harvested and purified for vaccine use.
- Example: Hepatitis B vaccine.
-
Conjugate and Polysaccharide Vaccines:
- Components of polysaccharide capsules are utilized.
- Polysaccharides can be attached to proteins to enhance immune system recognition in infants with immature immune systems.
- Example: Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib) vaccine.
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Toxoid Vaccines:
- Bacterial toxins are inactivated to render them harmless while preserving antigenicity.
- Effective against diseases caused by secreted toxins.
- Examples include tetanus and pertussis vaccines.
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mRNA Vaccines:
- Utilize messenger RNA (mRNA) encased in a lipid coating.
- mRNA instructs cells to produce viral proteins, triggering an immune response.
- Examples include the Moderna and Pfizer/BioNTech COVID-19 vaccines.
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Viral Vector Vaccines:
- Contain a weakened version of a different virus than the one causing the disease.
- The vector carries genetic material from the pathogenic virus.
- This genetic material instructs cells to produce a protein unique to the pathogenic virus.
- Example: The Johnson & Johnson COVID-19 vaccine.
Experimental Vaccines
- DNA Recombinant vaccines are being explored.
- Microbial DNA is inserted into a plasmid vector, which is introduced into the body.
- Human cells express the microbial DNA as proteins on the cell surface, triggering an immune response.
- These vaccines are in trials for pathogens like Lyme disease, Hepatitis C, Herpes Simplex, and Malaria.
Prophylaxis
- Prophylaxis is the administration of drugs to prevent infection.
- Used in cases of known or possible exposure.
- Examples include:
- Antibiotics given before dental procedures to prevent bacteria from entering the bloodstream.
- Mass prophylaxis with antibiotics during epidemics.
- Immunotherapy uses preparations containing specific antibodies against a particular infection.
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Immune serum globulin (ISG): Contains antibodies extracted from pooled blood of donors.
- Provides immediate but temporary protection, primarily for immunodeficient patients.
- Used for preventing measles and Hepatitis A.
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Specific immune globulin (SIG): Derived from a defined group of donors, typically recovering from a specific infection.
- Contains high concentrations of specific antibodies.
- Used for immediate protection against a specific disease.
-
Immune serum globulin (ISG): Contains antibodies extracted from pooled blood of donors.
- Animal antisera, such as those produced in horses against botulism, rabies, and venom, can be used when human immune globulin is unavailable. However, they can cause allergic reactions.
Vaccination Discovery and Significance
- The discovery of vaccination revolutionized medicine, significantly reducing the prevalence and impact of deadly infectious diseases like smallpox, polio, and diphtheria.
Polio
- Although eradicated from most of the world, polio remains endemic in Pakistan and Afghanistan.
- An outbreak occurred in New York City in 2022, leading to sewage sample monitoring and testing.
Vaccine Schedules and Types
- The World Health Organization (WHO) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) update the recommended immunization schedule annually for infants, children, and adults.
- Vaccines are often named after the disease they protect against, but brand or trade names may also be used.
- Some immunizations are combination vaccines providing protection against multiple pathogens.
- Vaccines work by stimulating the immune system to recognize and fight off specific pathogens.
How Vaccines Work
- Vaccines expose the body to antigenic material (stimulates antibody production) without causing disease.
- This triggers a primary and secondary immune response, preparing the immune system for future encounters with the pathogen.
- Immunized individuals develop a rapid, strong, and sustained immune response upon future exposure.
Types of Vaccines
-
Inactivated Vaccines: Pathogens are killed through heat, chemicals, or other methods, preserving their antigenicity.
- Example: Flu vaccine (injection)
-
Live-attenuated Vaccines: Pathogens are weakened, multiplying to stimulate immunity without causing disease.
- Example: MMR vaccine
- Advantages: Long-lasting protection, fewer doses needed.
- Disadvantages: Special storage required, potential for transmission to vulnerable individuals, possible reversion to virulence.
-
Subunit (Recombinant, Polysaccharide, Conjugate) Vaccines: Specific antigenic determinants are isolated and used instead of the whole organism.
- Examples: Pneumococcus, Meningococcus (capsule), Anthrax, Hepatitis B (surface protein)
-
Recombinant (Genetically-Engineered) Vaccines: Genes for a pathogen's antigen are inserted into a plasmid vector and expressed in a host organism.
- Example: Hepatitis B vaccine
-
Conjugate and Polysaccharide Vaccines: Polysaccharide capsules can be difficult for the immune system to recognize. Conjugation with a protein enhances recognition and response.
- Example: Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib) vaccine
-
Toxoid Vaccines: Inactivated bacterial toxins are used to stimulate immunity against the toxins that cause disease.
- Examples: Tetanus and Pertussis vaccines
-
Messenger RNA (mRNA) Vaccines: mRNA is packaged within a lipid coating and delivers instructions to cells for producing viral proteins.
- Example: SARS-CoV-2 (Moderna and Pfizer/BioNTech) vaccines
-
Viral Vector Vaccines: A weakened live virus with genetic material from the pathogenic virus is used to deliver instructions for producing target proteins.
- Example: SARS-CoV-2 (Johnson & Johnson) vaccine
Future Vaccines
- DNA recombinant vaccines are being explored for pathogens that are difficult to address with other vaccine types.
- Examples: Lyme disease, Hepatitis C, Herpes Simplex, Influenza, Tuberculosis, and Malaria
Prophylaxis
- Prophylaxis involves drug administration to prevent infection, especially in cases of known or possible exposure.
- Uses include:
- Antibiotic prophylaxis in dental procedures to prevent bacterial spread during saliva leakage into the bloodstream.
- Mass prophylaxis in epidemics to protect individuals at risk.
- Immunotherapy using specific antibodies, like ISG (Immune Serum Globulin) and SIG (Specific Immune Globulin).
- Immune Serum Globulin (ISG):
- Contains antibodies extracted from pooled human blood.
- Provides immediate but temporary protection.
- Used for immunodeficient patients and in the prevention of measles and Hepatitis A.
- Specific Immune Globulin (SIG):
- Derived from a defined group of donors recovering from specific infections.
- Contains high concentrations of specific antibodies.
- Provides immediate protection against specific diseases.
- Animal antisera (e.g., horse antisera for botulism, rabies, snake venom) can be used as an alternative if human immune globulin is unavailable.
- May cause allergic reactions in some individuals.
Scurvy
- Scurvy is caused by a lack of Vitamin C
- Vitamin C is also known as ascorbic acid, which is Latin for "not scurvy".
- In 1747, a Scottish Physician, James Lind conducted the first medical trial to prove that citrus fruits could cure scurvy.
- The British Navy started to give sailors lemon juice rations to prevent scurvy.
- In the late 1800s, copper pots used to store lime juice destroyed the vitamin C, causing a resurgence of scurvy among polar explorers.
- The lack of vitamin C in Robert Falcon Scott’s supplies contributed to his expedition’s demise from scurvy in 1911.
Polio
- Polio is caused by a virus that can result in paralysis or death.
- Jonas Salk developed the polio vaccine in 1955, which eradicated the virus from most parts of the world.
- Polio cases have significantly decreased from half a million in the 1940s to 358 in 2014.
Vaccines
- Vaccines are essential for protecting individuals and populations from preventable diseases
- Vaccines work by introducing weakened or inactive viruses or bacteria to the immune system.
- This allows the immune system to learn to recognize and fight off the real disease.
- The immune system creates memory cells which remember the disease, enabling a faster immune response if exposed to it again.
- Measles, a highly contagious virus, was eradicated in the US in 2000, but has resurfaced due to declining vaccination rates.
Importance of Vaccination
- Measles is a highly contagious virus with a basic reproduction number (R0) of up to 18, meaning one individual can infect up to 18 others.
- A vaccination rate of 95% or higher is needed to achieve herd immunity, which prevents the spread of measles.
- Herd immunity protects those who cannot be vaccinated, such as infants and people with weakened immune systems.
Vaccine Hesitancy
- Concerns about vaccines are often based on misinformation and fear.
- Andrew Wakefield's discredited study linking vaccines to autism fueled vaccine hesitancy.
- The media's tendency to show vaccinations negatively can worsen anxieties about them.
- Despite these concerns, vaccines are one of the most effective disease prevention methods and are generally safe.
- Vaccination benefits outweigh the risks.
- Vaccines are an act of empathy and a way to protect oneself, one’s family, and the community.
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Description
This quiz covers the fundamental aspects of vaccination, including its historical significance, the vaccines available today, and the immune response mechanism. It also addresses the global status of diseases like smallpox and polio and the ongoing efforts by health organizations to combat infectious diseases through immunization.
