Vaccines & Prophylaxis
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What is the primary purpose of vaccination?

  • To provide a strong immune response without prior infection (correct)
  • To eliminate all pathogens from the environment
  • To treat diseases caused by pathogens
  • To ensure that the body's immune response is weakened

    • Which statement about polio is correct?

  • Polio has been completely eradicated worldwide.
  • Polio is still endemic in some regions. (correct)
  • Polio outbreaks only occur in rural areas.
  • Vaccination against polio is no longer necessary.

    • What triggers the memory cells in the adaptive immune system?

  • The administration of antibiotics
  • The first encounter with a dangerous pathogen (correct)
  • Cooking food at high temperatures
  • Exposure to benign environmental substances

    • How do combination vaccines function?

    <p>They stimulate immunity against multiple pathogens simultaneously.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organization is responsible for updating the immunization schedule in the United States?

    <p>The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of immune response does vaccination aim to stimulate?

    <p>A primary immune response followed by a secondary response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor does NOT influence the choice of vaccine for a patient?

    <p>The physical location of the patient's home</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe material that generates antibodies but is not disease-causing?

    <p>Antigenic material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might some people not notice they are infected after vaccination?

    <p>The body mounts a stronger, faster immune response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do memory cells play in the immune system?

    <p>They remember previous infections to enhance future responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes inactivated vaccines?

    <p>They utilize pathogens treated to kill them while preserving their antigenicity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary advantage of live-attenuated vaccines over inactivated vaccines?

    <p>They offer long-lasting protection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about subunit vaccines?

    <p>They target specific antigenic determinants of the pathogen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way do toxoid vaccines function?

    <p>They contain inactivated bacterial toxins that elicit an immune response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a feature of mRNA vaccines?

    <p>They instruct cells to produce viral proteins through messenger RNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of vaccine uses a harmless virus to deliver pathogens' genetic material?

    <p>Viral vector vaccines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a disadvantage of live-attenuated vaccines?

    <p>They typically require special storage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are recombinant vaccines produced?

    <p>By inserting pathogen genes into plasmids that are then cloned.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of conjugate vaccines?

    <p>They combine polysaccharide capsules with proteins to enhance immune response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What potential use do future experimental DNA vaccines have?

    <p>They are intended for hard-to-treat pathogens using microbial DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of administering prophylactic antibiotics before dental procedures?

    <p>To prevent bacteria from entering the bloodstream</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does mass prophylaxis protect individuals during an epidemic?

    <p>By administering antibiotics to at-risk individuals to prevent infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical characteristic of Immune Serum Globulin (ISG)?

    <p>It contains antibodies from a large number of immunized donors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is Specific Immune Globulin (SIG) often preferred over Immune Serum Globulin (ISG)?

    <p>It contains a higher concentration of specific antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential drawback of using horse-derived antiserum?

    <p>It can cause allergic reactions in some individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What duration of protection does Immune Serum Globulin (ISG) typically provide?

    <p>2 to 3 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of patients is Specific Immune Globulin (SIG) primarily used for?

    <p>Individuals who are immunodeficient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a primary function of immunotherapy?

    <p>To provide specific antibodies against an infectious agent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is Specific Immune Globulin (SIG) obtained?

    <p>From individuals recovering from specific infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of infections can Immune Serum Globulin (ISG) help to prevent?

    <p>Both bacterial and viral infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of immunotherapy with their descriptions:

    <p>Immune Serum Globulin (ISG) = Contains antibodies from multiple human donors for general protection Specific Immune Globulin (SIG) = Contains high concentrations of specific antibodies from recovering patients Animal-derived antiserum = Used when human immune globulin is unavailable, but may cause allergies Mass prophylaxis = Administered to at-risk populations during an epidemic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following infections with their related immunotherapy:

    <p>Measles = Prevented by Immune Serum Globulin (ISG) Hepatitis A = Prevented by Immune Serum Globulin (ISG) Tetanus = Prevented by Specific Immune Globulin (SIG) Rabies = Prevented by horse-derived antiserum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of antibodies with their sources:

    <p>Immune Serum Globulin (ISG) = Pooled blood from at least 1,000 donors Specific Immune Globulin (SIG) = Serum from hyperimmune donors recovering from infections Horse antiserum = Produced from horses to treat specific pathogens Antibiotics = Administered before dental procedures as a prophylaxis measure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following timeframes to their corresponding immunotherapy protections:

    <p>2 to 3 months = Duration of protection from Immune Serum Globulin (ISG) Immediate protection = Offered by Specific Immune Globulin (SIG) Short-term protection = Administered during an epidemic as mass prophylaxis Long-term immunity = Related to natural infection or vaccination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following aspects with their relevance to immunotherapy:

    <p>Broad-spectrum defense = Provided by Immune Serum Globulin (ISG) Specific pathogen targeting = Achieved through Specific Immune Globulin (SIG) Used during outbreaks = Mass prophylaxis method Potential for allergic reactions = Associated with animal-derived antisera</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each type of serum with its characteristic:

    <p>Immune Serum Globulin (ISG) = Temporary relief for immunodeficient patients Specific Immune Globulin (SIG) = Higher antibody concentration for specific diseases Animal antiserum = Alternate option if human immune globulin is lacking Mass prophylaxis = Targets entire populations at risk during health crises</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following pathogens with the type of immunotherapy used:

    <p>Botulism = Treated with horse-derived antiserum Meningitis = Prevented through mass prophylaxis Measles = Prevented by Immune Serum Globulin (ISG) Chickenpox = Targeted by Specific Immune Globulin (SIG)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the forms of immunity with their source:

    <p>Humoral immunity = Involves antibodies in the immune response Passive immunity = Provided by administered globulins or antisera Artificial immunity = Achieved through immunotherapy Natural immunity = Gained through infection recovery or vaccination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the term with its corresponding concept:

    <p>Prophylactic antibiotics = Given before dental procedures to prevent infection Epidemic response = Mass prophylaxis to protect at-risk groups Hyperimmune serum = Derives from patients with high antibody levels Intramuscular injection = Common method for administering ISG</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of infections with the corresponding type of therapy:

    <p>Hepatitis B = Targeted by Specific Immune Globulin (SIG) Rabies = Treated by horse-derived antiserum Measles = Prevented through ISG administration Tetanus = Prevented by SIG from recovering patients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following diseases with their vaccination type:

    <p>Smallpox = Live-attenuated vaccine Polio = Inactivated vaccine Diphtheria = Toxoid vaccine Hepatitis B = Subunit vaccine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following organizations with their roles in vaccination:

    <p>WHO = Global health guidelines CDC = National immunization schedule NIH = Biomedical research FDA = Vaccine approval and regulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following vaccine characteristics with their descriptions:

    <p>Inactivated vaccines = Contain killed pathogens Live-attenuated vaccines = Contain weakened pathogens Subunit vaccines = Use specific pieces of the pathogen Toxoid vaccines = Target toxins produced by pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the primary immune responses with their outcomes:

    <p>Primary immune response = First encounter with a pathogen Secondary immune response = Faster and stronger reaction Memory cells = Long-term immunity Vaccination = Proactive immune training</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their meanings:

    <p>Antigen = Stimulates an immune response Pathogen = Disease-causing agent Immunization = Process of making a person immune Vaccine = Preparation to stimulate immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following factors with their considerations in vaccine choice:

    <p>Type of pathogen = Bacterial or viral nature Patient's health status = Underlying conditions and risks Availability = Current stock of vaccines Regulatory approval = Government safety standards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of vaccination with their examples:

    <p>Combination vaccines = MMR (Measles, Mumps, Rubella) Inactivated vaccine = Polio vaccine (IPV) Toxoid vaccine = Diphtheria toxoid Recombinant vaccine = Hepatitis B vaccine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the vaccine types with their advantages:

    <p>Live-attenuated vaccines = Long-lasting immunity Inactivated vaccines = Stable and safe for many populations Subunit vaccines = Minimal side effects Toxoid vaccines = Protects against toxin effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following stages of immune response with their timing:

    <p>Exposure to pathogen = First incursion of disease Antibody production = Activation of B cells Memory formation = Post-recovery state Response to reinfection = Rapid and robust immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following vaccine types with their descriptions:

    <p>Inactivated vaccines = Utilize killed pathogens to stimulate immunity Live-attenuated vaccines = Use weakened pathogens to induce an immune response Subunit vaccines = Contain isolated antigenic components of pathogens Toxoid vaccines = Inactivated toxins used to provoke an immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following vaccine components with their examples:

    <p>Messenger RNA vaccines = SARS-CoV-2 spike protein Recombinant vaccines = Hepatitis B surface antigen Conjugate vaccines = Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib) Toxoid vaccines = Tetanus and Pertussis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following advantages and disadvantages to their respective vaccine types:

    <p>Live-attenuated vaccines = Long-lasting protection but require special storage Inactivated vaccines = Require larger doses and more boosters Toxoid vaccines = Inactivated but still produce an immune response Subunit vaccines = Only use specific antigen molecules for immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of vaccines with their mechanism of action:

    <p>Viral vector vaccines = Use a harmless virus to deliver genetic material mRNA vaccines = Instruct cells to produce viral proteins using RNA Subunit vaccines = Use isolated antigens to stimulate an immune response Live-attenuated vaccines = Allow weakened pathogens to multiply without causing disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following vaccine types with their examples:

    <p>Inactivated vaccines = Flu shot Live-attenuated vaccines = MMR vaccine mRNA vaccines = Pfizer/BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine Recombinant vaccines = Zoster vaccine for shingles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following clades of vaccines to their unique traits:

    <p>Subunit vaccines = Use protein or sugar-based components mRNA vaccines = Deliver instructions for protein synthesis Live-attenuated vaccines = Imitate natural infections without causing illness Toxoid vaccines = Target bacterial toxins as harmful agents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of vaccines with their storage requirements:

    <p>Live-attenuated vaccines = Require special cold storage Inactivated vaccines = Stable and don't require special storage mRNA vaccines = Require refrigeration but not as strict Toxoid vaccines = Generally stable at room temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the vaccines to their primary use:

    <p>Inactivated vaccines = General immunization against seasonal flu Live-attenuated vaccines = Immunization against measles, mumps, rubella mRNA vaccines = Emergency response to COVID-19 Toxoid vaccines = Protection against tetanus and diphtheria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following vaccine types with their developmental methods:

    <p>Recombinant vaccines = Genetically engineered through plasmids Conjugate vaccines = Combine polysaccharide with proteins Inactivated vaccines = Utilize killed pathogens with preserved antigenicity Viral vector vaccines = Insert pathogenic genes into a harmless virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is necessary to achieve herd immunity against measles?

    <p>A vaccination rate of 95% or higher</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What misconception contributed to vaccine hesitancy in the public?

    <p>Vaccines cause autism in children</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the role of memory cells created by vaccines?

    <p>They recognize and initiate a faster immune response upon re-exposure to the disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'R0' signify regarding the measles virus?

    <p>The basic reproduction number of the virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does vaccination primarily benefit vulnerable populations?

    <p>Through herd immunity protecting those who cannot be vaccinated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common concern about vaccines has been proven to be incorrect?

    <p>Vaccines have been linked to autism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Vaccination

    • The discovery of vaccination marked a significant advancement in medicine, resulting in a substantial decrease in the prevalence and impact of numerous infectious diseases.
    • While diseases like smallpox and polio have been eradicated or significantly reduced in much of the world, polio remains endemic in Pakistan and Afghanistan.
    • The World Health Organization (WHO) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) update the recommended immunization schedule annually for infants, children, and adults.
    • Vaccines are named after the disease or pathogen they target, sometimes using brand or trade names. Combination vaccines offer protection against multiple pathogens.
    • When a pathogen infects a human body, the adaptive immune system mounts a response. If the person survives, memory cells retain a record of the encounter.
    • Subsequent exposure to the same pathogen triggers a faster and more powerful immune response, preventing severe illness.
    • Vaccination aims to induce this strong immune response without actual infection. Vaccines expose the body to antigenic material, which stimulates antibody production and "warns" the immune system, without causing disease.
    • Different vaccine types exist, chosen based on pathogen type, patient health, and vaccine availability.

    Vaccine Types

    • Inactivated Vaccines: Pathogens are killed using heat, chemicals, or other agents, preserving their antigenicity. Examples include the flu vaccine (injection).
    • Live-Attenuated Vaccines:
      • Pathogens are cultivated but weakened to lessen virulence.
      • These weakened pathogens stimulate immunity without causing disease.
      • Examples include the MMR vaccine.
    • Advantages of Live Vaccines:
      • Long-lasting protection.
      • Fewer doses and boosters usually required.
    • Disadvantages of Live Vaccines:
      • Require special storage.
      • Potential transmission to others, posing a risk to immunocompromised individuals.
      • Possible reversion to a virulent strain.
    • Subunit Vaccines:
      • Include recombinant, polysaccharide, and conjugate vaccines.
      • Utilize specific antigenic determinants of pathogens to stimulate the immune system.
      • Antigens are isolated from cultures, produced through genetic engineering, or synthesized.
      • Examples include vaccines against pneumococcus, meningococcus, anthrax, and hepatitis B.
    • Recombinant Vaccines:
      • Genes for a pathogen's antigen are inserted into a plasmid vector and cloned into a host.
      • The host synthesizes and secretes the antigen, which is then harvested and purified for vaccine use.
      • Example: Hepatitis B vaccine.
    • Conjugate and Polysaccharide Vaccines:
      • Components of polysaccharide capsules are utilized.
      • Polysaccharides can be attached to proteins to enhance immune system recognition in infants with immature immune systems.
      • Example: Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib) vaccine.
    • Toxoid Vaccines:
      • Bacterial toxins are inactivated to render them harmless while preserving antigenicity.
      • Effective against diseases caused by secreted toxins.
      • Examples include tetanus and pertussis vaccines.
    • mRNA Vaccines:
      • Utilize messenger RNA (mRNA) encased in a lipid coating.
      • mRNA instructs cells to produce viral proteins, triggering an immune response.
      • Examples include the Moderna and Pfizer/BioNTech COVID-19 vaccines.
    • Viral Vector Vaccines:
      • Contain a weakened version of a different virus than the one causing the disease.
      • The vector carries genetic material from the pathogenic virus.
      • This genetic material instructs cells to produce a protein unique to the pathogenic virus.
      • Example: The Johnson & Johnson COVID-19 vaccine.

    Experimental Vaccines

    • DNA Recombinant vaccines are being explored.
    • Microbial DNA is inserted into a plasmid vector, which is introduced into the body.
    • Human cells express the microbial DNA as proteins on the cell surface, triggering an immune response.
    • These vaccines are in trials for pathogens like Lyme disease, Hepatitis C, Herpes Simplex, and Malaria.

    Prophylaxis

    • Prophylaxis is the administration of drugs to prevent infection.
    • Used in cases of known or possible exposure.
    • Examples include:
      • Antibiotics given before dental procedures to prevent bacteria from entering the bloodstream.
      • Mass prophylaxis with antibiotics during epidemics.
    • Immunotherapy uses preparations containing specific antibodies against a particular infection.
      • Immune serum globulin (ISG): Contains antibodies extracted from pooled blood of donors.
        • Provides immediate but temporary protection, primarily for immunodeficient patients.
        • Used for preventing measles and Hepatitis A.
      • Specific immune globulin (SIG): Derived from a defined group of donors, typically recovering from a specific infection.
        • Contains high concentrations of specific antibodies.
        • Used for immediate protection against a specific disease.
    • Animal antisera, such as those produced in horses against botulism, rabies, and venom, can be used when human immune globulin is unavailable. However, they can cause allergic reactions.

    Vaccination Discovery and Significance

    • The discovery of vaccination revolutionized medicine, significantly reducing the prevalence and impact of deadly infectious diseases like smallpox, polio, and diphtheria.

    Polio

    • Although eradicated from most of the world, polio remains endemic in Pakistan and Afghanistan.
    • An outbreak occurred in New York City in 2022, leading to sewage sample monitoring and testing.

    Vaccine Schedules and Types

    • The World Health Organization (WHO) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) update the recommended immunization schedule annually for infants, children, and adults.
    • Vaccines are often named after the disease they protect against, but brand or trade names may also be used.
    • Some immunizations are combination vaccines providing protection against multiple pathogens.
    • Vaccines work by stimulating the immune system to recognize and fight off specific pathogens.

    How Vaccines Work

    • Vaccines expose the body to antigenic material (stimulates antibody production) without causing disease.
    • This triggers a primary and secondary immune response, preparing the immune system for future encounters with the pathogen.
    • Immunized individuals develop a rapid, strong, and sustained immune response upon future exposure.

    Types of Vaccines

    • Inactivated Vaccines: Pathogens are killed through heat, chemicals, or other methods, preserving their antigenicity.
      • Example: Flu vaccine (injection)
    • Live-attenuated Vaccines: Pathogens are weakened, multiplying to stimulate immunity without causing disease.
      • Example: MMR vaccine
      • Advantages: Long-lasting protection, fewer doses needed.
      • Disadvantages: Special storage required, potential for transmission to vulnerable individuals, possible reversion to virulence.
    • Subunit (Recombinant, Polysaccharide, Conjugate) Vaccines: Specific antigenic determinants are isolated and used instead of the whole organism.
      • Examples: Pneumococcus, Meningococcus (capsule), Anthrax, Hepatitis B (surface protein)
    • Recombinant (Genetically-Engineered) Vaccines: Genes for a pathogen's antigen are inserted into a plasmid vector and expressed in a host organism.
      • Example: Hepatitis B vaccine
    • Conjugate and Polysaccharide Vaccines: Polysaccharide capsules can be difficult for the immune system to recognize. Conjugation with a protein enhances recognition and response.
      • Example: Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib) vaccine
    • Toxoid Vaccines: Inactivated bacterial toxins are used to stimulate immunity against the toxins that cause disease.
      • Examples: Tetanus and Pertussis vaccines
    • Messenger RNA (mRNA) Vaccines: mRNA is packaged within a lipid coating and delivers instructions to cells for producing viral proteins.
      • Example: SARS-CoV-2 (Moderna and Pfizer/BioNTech) vaccines
    • Viral Vector Vaccines: A weakened live virus with genetic material from the pathogenic virus is used to deliver instructions for producing target proteins.
      • Example: SARS-CoV-2 (Johnson & Johnson) vaccine

    Future Vaccines

    • DNA recombinant vaccines are being explored for pathogens that are difficult to address with other vaccine types.
      • Examples: Lyme disease, Hepatitis C, Herpes Simplex, Influenza, Tuberculosis, and Malaria

    Prophylaxis

    • Prophylaxis involves drug administration to prevent infection, especially in cases of known or possible exposure.
    • Uses include:
      • Antibiotic prophylaxis in dental procedures to prevent bacterial spread during saliva leakage into the bloodstream.
      • Mass prophylaxis in epidemics to protect individuals at risk.
      • Immunotherapy using specific antibodies, like ISG (Immune Serum Globulin) and SIG (Specific Immune Globulin).
    • Immune Serum Globulin (ISG):
      • Contains antibodies extracted from pooled human blood.
      • Provides immediate but temporary protection.
      • Used for immunodeficient patients and in the prevention of measles and Hepatitis A.
    • Specific Immune Globulin (SIG):
      • Derived from a defined group of donors recovering from specific infections.
      • Contains high concentrations of specific antibodies.
      • Provides immediate protection against specific diseases.
    • Animal antisera (e.g., horse antisera for botulism, rabies, snake venom) can be used as an alternative if human immune globulin is unavailable.
      • May cause allergic reactions in some individuals.

    Scurvy

    • Scurvy is caused by a lack of Vitamin C
    • Vitamin C is also known as ascorbic acid, which is Latin for "not scurvy".
    • In 1747, a Scottish Physician, James Lind conducted the first medical trial to prove that citrus fruits could cure scurvy.
    • The British Navy started to give sailors lemon juice rations to prevent scurvy.
    • In the late 1800s, copper pots used to store lime juice destroyed the vitamin C, causing a resurgence of scurvy among polar explorers.
    • The lack of vitamin C in Robert Falcon Scott’s supplies contributed to his expedition’s demise from scurvy in 1911.

    Polio

    • Polio is caused by a virus that can result in paralysis or death.
    • Jonas Salk developed the polio vaccine in 1955, which eradicated the virus from most parts of the world.
    • Polio cases have significantly decreased from half a million in the 1940s to 358 in 2014.

    Vaccines

    • Vaccines are essential for protecting individuals and populations from preventable diseases
    • Vaccines work by introducing weakened or inactive viruses or bacteria to the immune system.
    • This allows the immune system to learn to recognize and fight off the real disease.
    • The immune system creates memory cells which remember the disease, enabling a faster immune response if exposed to it again.
    • Measles, a highly contagious virus, was eradicated in the US in 2000, but has resurfaced due to declining vaccination rates.

    Importance of Vaccination

    • Measles is a highly contagious virus with a basic reproduction number (R0) of up to 18, meaning one individual can infect up to 18 others.
    • A vaccination rate of 95% or higher is needed to achieve herd immunity, which prevents the spread of measles.
    • Herd immunity protects those who cannot be vaccinated, such as infants and people with weakened immune systems.

    Vaccine Hesitancy

    • Concerns about vaccines are often based on misinformation and fear.
    • Andrew Wakefield's discredited study linking vaccines to autism fueled vaccine hesitancy.
    • The media's tendency to show vaccinations negatively can worsen anxieties about them.
    • Despite these concerns, vaccines are one of the most effective disease prevention methods and are generally safe.
    • Vaccination benefits outweigh the risks.
    • Vaccines are an act of empathy and a way to protect oneself, one’s family, and the community.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the fundamental aspects of vaccination, including its historical significance, the vaccines available today, and the immune response mechanism. It also addresses the global status of diseases like smallpox and polio and the ongoing efforts by health organizations to combat infectious diseases through immunization.

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