Urinary Tract Infections and Pyelonephritis
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Questions and Answers

Which microorganism is the most common in urinary tract infections?

  • Escherichia coli (correct)
  • Pseudomonas
  • Streptococcus
  • Staphylococcus

    • What is the hallmark of acute kidney injury?

  • Hypercalcemia
  • Azotemia (correct)
  • Hypophosphatemia
  • Hypokalemia

    • Which condition is the second leading cause of renal failure after diabetes mellitus and hypertension?

  • Glomerulonephritis (correct)
  • Pyelonephritis
  • Polycystic kidney disease
  • Interstitial nephritis

    • What is the best overall measure of kidney function?

    <p>GFR (Glomerular Filtration Rate) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of postrenal kidney injury?

    <p>Prostatic hyperplasia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following manifestations is NOT associated with low calcium levels?

    <p>Respiratory effects (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main regulator of sodium and water balance in the body?

    <p>Baroreceptors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which condition does low albumin in the bloodstream lead to edema?

    <p>Hypoalbuminemia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone acts as a regulator of water intake in the body?

    <p>Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major mineral content of bone along with phosphorus?

    <p>Calcium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition results from a deficit of water in relation to sodium stores?

    <p>Hypernatremia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major regulator of calcium and phosphorus in the body?

    <p>Parathyroid hormone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which electrolyte imbalance leads to muscle cramps, weakness, and fatigue?

    <p>Hypokalemia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Chvostek’s sign' and 'Trousseau’s sign' are associated with which electrolyte imbalance?

    <p>Hypocalcemia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance facilitates the absorption of calcium from the GI tract into the bloodstream?

    <p>Vitamin D (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes cellular dehydration in hypernatremia?

    <p>Deficit of water in relation to sodium stores (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common indicator of acute kidney injury?

    <p>Elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the specific gravity range for urine considered normal?

    <p>1.010 - 1.025 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which category of renal dysfunction involves disorders that interfere with the elimination of urine from the kidney?

    <p>Postrenal dysfunction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What test measures the waste product of muscle metabolism and acts as a measure of kidney filtration?

    <p>Serum creatinine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition directly decreases renal perfusion and can lead to prerenal dysfunction?

    <p>Shock states (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic clinical manifestation of acute tubular necrosis (ATN) in intrarenal dysfunction?

    <p>Rhabdomyolysis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In chronic kidney disease (CKD), what defines kidney failure?

    <p>GFR &lt; 15 mL/min with uremia symptoms or need for renal replacement therapy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Anatomic changes in urinary tract structures' is listed as a potential etiology for which condition?

    <p>Renal calculi (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Fluid volume overload' is a clinical manifestation associated with which condition?

    <p>'Chronic kidney disease' (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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