Urinary Tract Infections & Chronic Pyelonephritis Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What are the two main parts of the urinary tract involved in UTIs?

Lower and upper urinary tract

Which type of UTIs are considered more serious - upper or lower?

Upper UTIs

What is the most common cause of uncomplicated UTIs?

Escherichia coli

Name two types of bacteria that can cause complicated UTIs.

Non-E.coli gram negative (Enterobacter, Pseudomonas) and gram positive cocci (Staphylococcus aureus) Signup and view all the answers

What normally keeps the urine in the bladder sterile?

Washout phenomenon Signup and view all the answers

List three groups of people at increased risk of UTIs.

Obstruction and reflux, people with neurologic disorders impairing bladder emptying, postmenopausal women Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common form of acute renal failure?

Parental failure Signup and view all the answers

What are some causes of acute renal failure?

Using ACE inhibitors with diuretics, NSAIDs, immunosuppressant drugs, high doses of dopamine, epinephrine Signup and view all the answers

How is postrenal failure characterized?

By obstruction to urine outflow Signup and view all the answers

What is intrinsic renal failure characterized by?

Disorders of the kidney itself Signup and view all the answers

What are some diagnostic measures for renal failure?

Observing urine output, BUN, creatinine, uric acid, electrolytes, and urine analysis Signup and view all the answers

What are the consequences of nephron destruction in End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD)?

Alteration in filtration (decrease GFR), reabsorption, and endocrine functions of the kidneys Signup and view all the answers

What are the clinical manifestations of ESRD?

Accumulation of nitrogenous wastes, alterations in Na and water excretion, disruptions in regulation of electrolyte levels, skeletal problems, anemia, cardiovascular disorders, neurological disturbances, and gastrointestinal dysfunction. Signup and view all the answers

How can renal failure be defined?

Renal failure is defined as a reduction in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) to less than 20% to 25% of normal, around 30 ml per minute. Signup and view all the answers

What is the treatment approach for renal insufficiency?

Conservative management aims to prevent and retard deterioration in remaining renal function. Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of treatment for ESRD?

Renal replacement therapy with dialysis or transplantation. Signup and view all the answers

What are some other treatments mentioned in the text?

Activated vitamin D and the use of recombinant human erythropoietin. Signup and view all the answers

What are the clinical manifestations of chronic pyelonephritis?

Sudden fever, chills, back pain, tenderness over the costovertbral angle, dysuria, frequency, urgency, scarring and deformations of the kidney, mild proteinuria, polyuria, nocturia. Signup and view all the answers

Define renal failure.

A condition in which the kidney fails to maintain its normal function. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes acute renal failure?

Acute and usually reversible suppression of kidney function, accumulation of nitrogenous wastes in the blood, sharp decrease in urine output, altered body fluids and electrolytes. Signup and view all the answers

What is the usual mortality rate associated with acute renal failure?

40 to 75%. Signup and view all the answers

How is acute renal failure classified?

As prerenal, intrinsic or intrarenal, postrenal. Signup and view all the answers

What are the different types of renal failure?

Acute renal failure, chronic renal failure. Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism by which pathogens can ascend along the ureters to infect the kidneys when there is an obstruction?

Contaminated urine in the bladder serves as a medium for microbial growth, allowing pathogens to ascend along the ureters. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of pili in enhancing pathogen virulence in the urinary tract?

Pili are fine protein filaments that facilitate adherence of pathogens to structures in the urinary tract. Signup and view all the answers

What is the hallmark of nephrosis in nephrotic syndrome?

Generalized edema is the hallmark of nephrosis in nephrotic syndrome. Signup and view all the answers

What clinical manifestation characterizes acute pyelonephritis?

Acute pyelonephritis is characterized by interstitial infectious inflammatory process, abscess formation, and tubular necrosis. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of nephrotic syndrome?

Disorders increasing the permeability of the glomerular capillary membrane cause nephrotic syndrome. Signup and view all the answers

How does reflux occur in the urinary tract?

Reflux can occur as urethrovesical reflux (from urethra to bladder) or vesicoureteral reflux (from bladder to ureters). Signup and view all the answers

What are the clinical manifestations of cystitis?

Cystitis presents with frequency and urgency of urination, dysuria, lower abdominal or back discomfort, and cloudy, foul-smelling urine. Signup and view all the answers

How does the presence of pili contribute to pathogen virulence in the urinary tract?

Pili facilitate adherence of pathogens to structures in the urinary tract, enhancing their virulence. Signup and view all the answers

What are the possible causes of nephrotic syndrome?

Nephrotic syndrome can be caused by primary disorders like membranous glomerulonephritis or secondary to systematic diseases like DM. Signup and view all the answers

How can acute pyelonephritis develop?

Acute pyelonephritis can develop from ascending bladder infections or infections originating from the bloodstream. Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)

Infection of the urinary tract, including the bladder, urethra, and kidneys.

Lower UTI

A type of UTI affecting the bladder and urethra.