9 Questions
What is the primary site of initial infection for tuberculosis?
Lungs
How long does it take for delayed hypersensitivity to develop after infection with tuberculosis bacilli?
6 weeks
What kind of lesion is formed in tuberculosis characterized by granuloma formation?
Tubercle
Which stain is used to identify acid-fast bacilli in tuberculosis diagnosis?
Ziehl-Neelsen stain
What is the Lowenstein-Jensen (L-J) medium used for in tuberculosis diagnosis?
Culturing
In which animals does Leptospira interrogans asymptomatically grow in kidney tubules?
Rats
What is the common name for Leptospira interrogans infection in humans?
Weil's disease
What is the characteristic shape of Leptospira interrogans spirochete?
'J' shape
How many morning urine samples should be collected for the diagnosis of renal tuberculosis?
3
Study Notes
- There are 6 types of urinary tract infections, including lower and upper urinary tract infections, kidney infections (pyelonephritis), bladder infections (cystitis), urethra infections (urethritis), and prostate infections (prostatitis).
- Factors predisposing to urinary tract infections include gender (more common in females due to a short urethra), urinary catheter use, age (elderly), uncontrolled diabetes, renal obstruction, lack of personal hygiene, immunosuppression, steroids, and residual urine in the bladder.
- Community-acquired urinary tract infections can be transmitted through contact with contaminated toilet seats, sexual intercourse, endogenous infection, and bacteria from the patient's own bowel or vagina ascending up to the bladder.
- Bacterial pathogens causing urinary tract infections include Proteus mirabilis/vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterococcus faecalis.
- Proteus mirabilis/vulgaris are gram-negative bacilli that can lead to the formation of bladder and kidney stones due to urease enzyme activity.
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a gram-negative bacillus causing nosocomial urinary tract infections and respiratory infections, commonly found in tap water and showers.
- Urethritis is the inflammation of the urethra and can be caused by various organisms, including Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Ureaplasma urealyticum, among others.
- Chlamydia trachomatis is a gram-negative bacterium causing non-gonococcal urethritis, with serotypes D to K affecting both males and females through sexually transmitted transmission.
Learn about the 6 types of urinary tract infections and 7 factors predisposing to UTIs. Understand the different infections that can affect the lower and upper urinary tracts, kidneys, bladder, urethra, and prostate.
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