Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the recommended container capacity for routine urinalysis?
What is the recommended container capacity for routine urinalysis?
- 200mL
- 10mL
- 100mL
- 50mL (correct)
What is the most common method used for adult urine collection?
What is the most common method used for adult urine collection?
- Random (correct)
- Suprapubic aspiration
- Catheterized
- Midstream clean-catch
What is the ideal temperature range for freshly collected urine samples?
What is the ideal temperature range for freshly collected urine samples?
- 32.5-37.7°C (correct)
- 25-27°C
- 35-40°C
- 30-35°C
Which type of urine is preferred for routine screening, as it is more concentrated?
Which type of urine is preferred for routine screening, as it is more concentrated?
What type of urine specimen typically yields a sterile sample, which can be used for microbiology?
What type of urine specimen typically yields a sterile sample, which can be used for microbiology?
What substances might be found in excess in urine that may manifest as crystalline structures?
What substances might be found in excess in urine that may manifest as crystalline structures?
What are the requirements for containers used in routine urinalysis?
What are the requirements for containers used in routine urinalysis?
What is urine classified as under standard precautions?
What is urine classified as under standard precautions?
Which type of urine collection is less traumatic and less contaminated by epithelial cells and bacteria?
Which type of urine collection is less traumatic and less contaminated by epithelial cells and bacteria?
What is the primary focus of feces evaluation?
What is the primary focus of feces evaluation?
What is the average daily output of urine?
What is the average daily output of urine?
Who collects urine and stool specimens?
Who collects urine and stool specimens?
What is the primary purpose of urine formation?
What is the primary purpose of urine formation?
Why is urinalysis a popular diagnostic test?
Why is urinalysis a popular diagnostic test?
What is unique about urine and stool collection?
What is unique about urine and stool collection?
What is the liquid portion of blood from which urine is formed called?
What is the liquid portion of blood from which urine is formed called?
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Study Notes
Urine Composition
- Urine is 95% water and 5% solutes (organic and inorganic)
- 2.9% of solutes include carbohydrates, fatty acids, enzymes, and hormones
Urine Output
- Normal daily output: 1200-1500mL (600-2000mL also considered normal)
- Output depends on fluid intake and type of fluids consumed
- Oliguria: decreased urine output (<400mL/day in adults), often due to dehydration, diarrhea, or vomiting
- Anuria: cessation of urine flow, suggesting severe kidney damage
- Nocturia: increased urine excretion at night, opposite of normal body function
- Polyuria: increased urine output (>2.5L/day in adults), a marker for diabetes insipidus and diabetes mellitus
Urine Collection
- Urine is a biohazard, so standard precautions must be observed
- Containers for routine urinalysis: clean, dry, leak-proof, screw-top, wide-mouth, and clear material
- Recommended capacity: 50mL
- Labelled containers are required
Types of Urine Specimens
- Random Urine: any urine specimen collected at any time, no diet or fluid restriction
- First Morning Urine: more concentrated, better for routine screening
- Catheterized Urine: collected through a sterile hollow tube, most invasive, but sterile
- Midstream Clean-Catch Urine: alternative to catheterized specimens, less traumatic and contaminated
- Suprapubic Aspiration: commonly done on pediatrics or patients with difficulty urinating, most invasive
Urine Preservation
- Collected under sterile conditions, delivered, and tested within 2 hours
- Urine preservatives are used for quantitative measurements
- Refrigeration at 2-8°C is required for 24 hours
Urine Drug Sample Collection
- Sample collection is the most vulnerable part of drug testing
- Types of tampering: adulteration, substitution, and dilution
- Chain of Custody: documentation of sample handling, must be properly documented
- Witnessed or unwitnessed collection, with a same-gender collector observing the collection
- Temperature, pH, color, and specific gravity of urine will be tested immediately
Feces (Stool)
- Helpful in evaluating gastrointestinal disorders
- Evaluated for the presence of intestinal parasites and their eggs
- Fat and urobilinogen content are detected
- Cultured to detect the presence of pathogenic bacteria
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