Urinalysis and Stool Analysis Terminologies Quiz

Study Notes

Urine Composition

Urine is 95% water and 5% solutes (organic and inorganic)
2.9% of solutes include carbohydrates, fatty acids, enzymes, and hormones

Urine Output

Normal daily output: 1200-1500mL (600-2000mL also considered normal)
Output depends on fluid intake and type of fluids consumed
Oliguria: decreased urine output (<400mL/day in adults), often due to dehydration, diarrhea, or vomiting
Anuria: cessation of urine flow, suggesting severe kidney damage
Nocturia: increased urine excretion at night, opposite of normal body function
Polyuria: increased urine output (>2.5L/day in adults), a marker for diabetes insipidus and diabetes mellitus

Urine Collection

Urine is a biohazard, so standard precautions must be observed
Containers for routine urinalysis: clean, dry, leak-proof, screw-top, wide-mouth, and clear material
Recommended capacity: 50mL
Labelled containers are required

Types of Urine Specimens

Random Urine: any urine specimen collected at any time, no diet or fluid restriction
First Morning Urine: more concentrated, better for routine screening
Catheterized Urine: collected through a sterile hollow tube, most invasive, but sterile
Midstream Clean-Catch Urine: alternative to catheterized specimens, less traumatic and contaminated
Suprapubic Aspiration: commonly done on pediatrics or patients with difficulty urinating, most invasive

Urine Preservation

Collected under sterile conditions, delivered, and tested within 2 hours
Urine preservatives are used for quantitative measurements
Refrigeration at 2-8°C is required for 24 hours

Urine Drug Sample Collection

Sample collection is the most vulnerable part of drug testing
Types of tampering: adulteration, substitution, and dilution
Chain of Custody: documentation of sample handling, must be properly documented
Witnessed or unwitnessed collection, with a same-gender collector observing the collection
Temperature, pH, color, and specific gravity of urine will be tested immediately

Feces (Stool)

Helpful in evaluating gastrointestinal disorders
Evaluated for the presence of intestinal parasites and their eggs
Fat and urobilinogen content are detected
Cultured to detect the presence of pathogenic bacteria

Description

Test your knowledge on the terminologies related to urine output and stool analysis, which are important for disease diagnosis and monitoring of metabolic functions. Learn about the procedures and reasons for urinalysis, as well as the significance of stool in assessing gastrointestinal health.