Urinalysis
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Questions and Answers

Which type of cast suggests tubule disease or damage?

  • Granular casts
  • Hyaline casts
  • Waxy casts
  • Cellular casts (correct)

What type of cast implies a longer stasis or duration of urine?

  • Granular casts (correct)
  • Waxy casts
  • Cellular casts
  • Hyaline casts

Which type of cast implies a long period of stasis?

  • Hyaline casts
  • Granular casts
  • Waxy casts (correct)
  • Cellular casts

What are the most common components of cellular casts?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cast is composed of Tamm-Horsfall mucoprotein?

<p>Hyaline casts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cast is associated with longer stasis and degeneration of cellular components?

<p>Granular casts (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cast is associated with a disease process in the tubules?

<p>Cellular casts (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cast is composed of precipitated protein?

<p>Granular casts (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During urinalysis, which of the following physical properties are assessed?

<p>Colour, turbidity, odour (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a chemical component assessed during urinalysis?

<p>Calcium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can an alkaline urine pH potentially yield a false positive for?

<p>Protein (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a high urine specific gravity (USG) indicate?

<p>High urine osmolarity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is urine osmolarity estimated?

<p>By using a refractometer (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a urine specific gravity of 1020 indicate compared to a urine specific gravity of 1010?

<p>The urine is twice as concentrated (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can cause an increase in urine turbidity?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can cause an increase in urine odour?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does an acidic urine pH make the culture of leptospirosis unlikely?

<p>It inhibits the growth of leptospirosis bacteria (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does an alkaline urine pH do to casts in the urine?

<p>Destroys them (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about urine specific gravity (USG)?

<p>USG is dependent on the presence of glucose, protein, or myoglobin. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean if an animal has isosthenuric urine?

<p>The nephron or kidney is not able to change the osmolarity of the urinary filtrate. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the expected urine specific gravity (USG) when the blood supply to the kidneys is fine but the kidneys are not working?

<p>USG &gt; 1.030 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the expected urine specific gravity (USG) when an animal is not azotemic or dehydrated?

<p>USG &gt; 1.030 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the expected urine specific gravity (USG) when an animal is dehydrated and the kidneys are trying to preserve water?

<p>USG &gt; 1.030 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the expected urine specific gravity (USG) when an animal has compromised ADH production or action?

<p>USG &lt; 1.030 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of proteinuria will cause blood albumin concentrations to fall and nephrotic syndrome?

<p>Glomerular proteinuria (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can cause glomerulonephritis, leading to proteinuria?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can cause glucose to be present in the urine?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can cause bilirubinuria?

<p>Both A and B (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the physical properties assessed during urinalysis?

<p>Colour, turbidity, odour</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does urine specific gravity (USG) generally reflect?

<p>Body acid base status</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is urine osmolarity estimated?

<p>Using a refractometer</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the types of casts that can be seen in urine and what do they indicate?

<p>The types of casts that can be seen in urine are hyaline casts, cellular casts, granular casts, and waxy casts. Hyaline casts suggest tubule disease or damage, cellular casts indicate a disease process in the tubules, granular casts imply longer stasis and degeneration of cellular components, and waxy casts imply a long period of stasis and degeneration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the characteristics of hyaline casts?

<p>Hyaline casts are composed of protein and suggest tubule disease or damage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the characteristics of cellular casts?

<p>Cellular casts are composed of RBCs, WBCs, or epithelial cells and indicate a disease process in the tubules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the characteristics of granular casts?

<p>Granular casts can be fine or coarse and indicate longer stasis, degenerate cellular casts, precipitated protein, and degenerate epithelial cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the characteristics of waxy casts?

<p>Waxy casts are the end product of degeneration and imply a long period of stasis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between urine specific gravity (USG) and renal concentrating ability?

<p>Urine specific gravity (USG) is a measure of the concentration of solutes in the urine, which is influenced by the kidney's ability to concentrate or dilute the urine. A higher USG indicates a higher concentration of solutes in the urine, suggesting better renal concentrating ability. Conversely, a lower USG suggests poorer renal concentrating ability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three types of proteinuria and how do they differ?

<p>The three types of proteinuria are pre-glomerular, glomerular, and tubular proteinuria. Pre-glomerular proteinuria occurs when there is a condition that results in unusually high concentrations of small protein molecules in the blood passing into the urine, but in quantities that are too high for them all to be resorbed. Glomerular proteinuria is caused by the failure of the glomerular basement membrane barrier, which can be due to inflammation, immune attack, or accumulation of substances. Tubular proteinuria occurs when damaged tubular cells are unable to resorb filtrate proteins as well as they should. Glomerular proteinuria is the only type that causes a decrease in blood albumin concentrations and can lead to nephrotic syndrome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the potential causes of glomerulonephritis, leading to proteinuria?

<p>Glomerulonephritis, which leads to proteinuria, can be caused by various diseases that result in inflammation of the glomeruli. Some common causes include infections, autoimmune diseases, and certain medications. Additionally, conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, and other forms of kidney disease can also contribute to the development of glomerulonephritis and proteinuria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Tubular Casts

Indicates tubule damage or disease. Can contain cells like epithelial, red blood cells, or white blood cells.

Granular Casts

Suggest prolonged stasis or urine retention in the tubules, indicating prolonged tubule damage.

Waxy Casts

Imply prolonged urinary stasis, indicating severe tubule damage or kidney disease.

Cellular Casts

Composed primarily of epithelial, red blood cells, or white blood cells.

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Hyaline Casts

Made up of Tamm-Horsfall mucoprotein, a protein naturally produced by the kidneys.

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Granular Casts

Result from the breakdown of cellular casts, signifying prolonged tubule damage.

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Cellular Casts

Signal an underlying disease process in the renal tubules, suggesting cellular damage or inflammation.

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Waxy Casts

Formed by precipitated protein, indicating severe tubule damage or chronic kidney disease.

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Physical Properties

Include color, clarity, specific gravity, and pH, providing information about the urine itself.

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Bilirubin

Not a typical component analyzed in urinalysis.

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Alkaline Urine pH

Can lead to a false positive result for a urinary tract infection.

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High Specific Gravity

Indicates concentrated urine, often caused by dehydration or the kidneys' ability to conserve water.

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Urine Osmolarity

Estimated through specific gravity measurements, reflecting the concentration of dissolved substances in the urine.

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USG of 1020

Suggests better kidney concentrating ability than a USG of 1010, indicating more concentrated urine.

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Increased Urine Turbidity

Can be caused by infections or the formation of crystals in the urine.

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Increased Urine Odor

May result from bacterial activity or dietary factors, providing insights into urine composition.

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Acidic Urine pH

Makes leptospirosis culture unlikely as the pathogen prefers alkaline environments.

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Alkaline Urine pH

Can dissolve casts, altering the urinary sediment, potentially affecting test results.

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Urine Specific Gravity (USG)

Reflects the kidney's ability to concentrate urine, indicating kidney function.

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Isosthenuric Urine

Indicates that the kidneys cannot concentrate or dilute urine effectively, suggesting a problem.

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Normal USG

Expected when the blood supply to the kidneys is adequate, but kidneys are not functioning optimally.

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USG Below 1.030

Expected in animals that are not azotemic (high nitrogen waste) and are hydrated.

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USG Above 1.030

Shown in dehydrated animals, indicating the kidneys are conserving water effectively.

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Compromised ADH Production

Results in a low USG due to dilute urine, as the kidneys are not effectively retaining water.

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Nephrotic Syndrome

Results from glomerular proteinuria, causing a decrease in blood albumin levels.

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Glomerulonephritis

Can be caused by immune-mediated diseases or infections, resulting in protein leaking into the urine.

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Glucose in Urine

Occurs due to conditions like diabetes mellitus or problems with the tubules reabsorbing glucose back into the blood.

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Bilirubinuria

May occur due to hepatic diseases (liver problems) or hemolysis (breakdown of red blood cells).

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Urine Specific Gravity

Reflects urine concentration related to kidney function.

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Types of Casts

Include hyaline, cellular, granular, and waxy, each indicative of different renal conditions.

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Hyaline Casts

Clear and composed of Tamm-Horsfall protein, a naturally occurring protein in the kidneys.

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Cellular Casts

Display trapped cells, indicating active processes within the tubules.

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Granular Casts

Have a coarse or fine appearance and result from the breakdown of cellular casts.

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Waxy Casts

Broad and indicate chronic kidney disease or severe urinary stasis, suggesting long-term problems.

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Increased Urine Specific Gravity

Reflects enhanced renal concentrating ability, suggesting that the kidneys are working well to conserve water.

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Variations in USG

Provide diagnostic clues about hydration status and renal health, correlating with underlying pathologies.

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Study Notes

Urinary Casts and Tubule Disease

  • Tubular casts indicate tubule disease or damage.
  • Granular casts suggest a longer stasis or duration of urine.
  • Waxy casts imply a prolonged period of urinary stasis.
  • Cellular casts are predominantly made up of epithelial cells, red blood cells, or white blood cells.
  • Tamm-Horsfall mucoprotein composes hyaline casts.
  • Granular casts are linked to extended stasis and cellular degeneration.
  • Cellular casts are indicative of an underlying disease process in the renal tubules.
  • Precipitated protein forms the basis of waxy casts.

Urinalysis Assessments

  • Physical properties during urinalysis include color, clarity, specific gravity, and pH.
  • Bilirubin is NOT a chemical component typically assessed in urinalysis.
  • Alkaline urine pH can yield a false positive for urinary tract infections.
  • A high urine specific gravity (USG) indicates concentrated urine, often due to dehydration or renal concentrating ability.
  • Urine osmolarity is estimated through specific gravity measurements.

Urine Specific Gravity Insights

  • A USG of 1020 suggests better concentrating ability than a USG of 1010, indicating more concentrated urine.
  • Factors causing increased urine turbidity include infections or crystal formation.
  • Increased urine odor may result from bacterial activity or dietary factors.
  • Acidic urine pH makes leptospirosis culture unlikely due to the pathogen's preference for alkaline environments.
  • Alkaline urine pH can dissolve casts, altering urinary sediment.

Urine Specific Gravity (USG) Characteristics

  • USG reflects renal concentrating ability, providing insights into kidney function.
  • Isosthenuric urine indicates a consistent USG, suggesting the kidneys cannot concentrate or dilute urine effectively.
  • Normal USG is expected when renal blood supply is intact but kidneys are not functioning optimally.
  • A USG below 1.030 is expected in non-azotemic or hydrated animals.
  • A USG above 1.030 in dehydrated animals shows kidneys preserving water.
  • Compromised ADH production results in a low USG, indicating dilute urine.

Proteinuria and Associated Conditions

  • Nephrotic syndrome arises from glomerular proteinuria, leading to decreased blood albumin concentrations.
  • Glomerulonephritis can be caused by immune-mediated diseases or infections, resulting in proteinuria.
  • Glucose in urine occurs due to conditions such as diabetes mellitus or tubular reabsorption issues.
  • Bilirubinuria may result from hepatic diseases or hemolysis.

Properties and Types of Casts

  • Urine specific gravity generally reflects urine concentration related to renal function.
  • Types of casts include hyaline, cellular, granular, and waxy, each indicating various renal conditions.
  • Hyaline casts are clear and composed of Tamm-Horsfall protein.
  • Cellular casts display trapped epithelial cells, indicating active renal processes.
  • Granular casts have a coarse or fine appearance and result from the breakdown of cellular casts.
  • Waxy casts are broad and indicate chronic kidney disease or severe stasis.

Relationship Between USG and Renal Function

  • An increased urine specific gravity reflects enhanced renal concentrating ability.
  • Variations in USG provide diagnostic clues about hydration status and renal health, correlating with underlying pathologies.

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Description

Test your knowledge on urinalysis and learn about the various physical and chemical properties assessed during the process. From color and odor to protein and glucose levels, this quiz will cover it all. Explore the microscopic examination of sediment and the significance of different elements like erythrocytes and bacteria. Dive into the world of urinalysis and discover how physical properties can indicate underlying health conditions.

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