Urinalysis Chapter 30 Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

Approximately 95% of urine consists of water.

True

Frequency is the condition of having to urinate often.

True

An excessive increase in urine output is called polyuria.

True

A clean-catch midstream urine specimen is required for a urine culture.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Urinalysis consists of a physical, chemical, and microscopic examination of urine.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

A urine specimen that is light yellow indicates that bacteria are present in the specimen.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The pH of most urine specimens is neutral.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Blood may normally be present in the urine due to menstruation.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hematuria refers to the presence of blood in the urine.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

HCG is a hormone that is present in the urine and blood of a pregnant woman.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Urea is a waste product derived from the breakdown of water.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

A normal adult excretes approximately 250 mL of urine each day.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Vomiting can result in oliguria.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The distal urethra normally contains microorganisms.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

A 24-hour urine specimen may be collected to assist in the diagnosis of a UTI.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a urine specimen is allowed to stand for more than 1 hour at room temperature, the pH becomes more acidic.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a freshly voided specimen is cloudy, the patient may have a urinary tract infection.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The normal specific gravity of urine ranges from 1.003 to 1.030.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Dysuria is the inability to control urination at night.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Casts are formed in the urinary bladder.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Most of the urine (95%) is composed of what substance?

<p>water</p> Signup and view all the answers

List two conditions that may cause polyuria.

<p>excessive intake of fluids or the intake of fluids that contain caffeine</p> Signup and view all the answers

List two conditions that may cause oliguria.

<p>decreased fluid intake, dehydration, profuse perspiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of urine specimen is required for the detection of a urinary tract infection (UTI)?

<p>clean catch midstream specimen</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is a first-voided morning specimen often preferred for urine testing?

<p>it contains the greatest concentration of dissolved substances and small amount of an abnormal substance that is present would be more easily detected</p> Signup and view all the answers

A 24-hour urine specimen is often used to diagnose what condition?

<p>kidney stone formation and in the control and prevention of new stone formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why should a patient not void directly into a 24-hour urine specimen container that contains a preservative?

<p>the preservative could splash onto the patient's skin resulting in a chemical burn</p> Signup and view all the answers

List three changes that may take place in a urine specimen if it is allowed to stand at room temperature for more than 1 hour.

<p>it could be changed to ammonia, bacteria multiply resulting in a cloudy specimen and an increase in the nitrite, casts decompose after several hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does concentrated urine tend to be dark yellow?

<p>urochrome produced by the breakdown of hemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

List two factors that may cause a urine specimen to become cloudy.

<p>presence of bacteria, pus, or blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

A urine specimen that has been allowed to stand at room temperature for a long period of time will have what type of odor?

<p>ammonia odor</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of testing the specific gravity of urine?

<p>indicates the amount of dissolved substances present in the urine, providing information on the ability of the kidneys to dilute or concentrate the urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for the specific gravity of urine?

<p>1.003-1.030 but is usually between 1.010-1.025</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative test results?

Signup and view all the answers

What may cause an increase in the pH of urine?

<p>bacterial infection of the urinary tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does urine become more alkaline if it is not preserved?

<p>urea is converted to ammonia by bacterial action</p> Signup and view all the answers

What may cause glycosuria?

<p>glucose concentration in blood becomes too high, the kidney is unable to reabsorb all of it back into the blood, renal threshold is exceeded, and glucose is spilled into the urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

What conditions may cause proteinuria?

<p>glomerular filtration problems, renal disease, and bacterial infection of the urinary tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

What may cause ketosis?

<p>when more than normal amounts of fat are metabolized by the body, the muscles cannot handle all of the ketones that result in large amounts of ketone accumulate in the tissues and body fluids</p> Signup and view all the answers

What conditions may cause bilirubin to appear in the urine?

<p>liver conditions such as gallstones, hepatitis, and cirrhosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What may cause blood to appear in the urine?

<p>injury or disorders such as cystitis, tumors of the bladder, urethritis, kidney stones, and certain kidney disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why should a nitrite test not be performed on a urine specimen that has been left standing at room temperature?

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

How should urine reagent strips be stored?

<p>in a cool, dry area, away from direct sunlight, with the cap tightly closed to maintain reactivity of the reagent</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of performing a microscopic examination of the urine?

<p>helps clarify results of the physical and chemical examination</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is a first-voided urine specimen recommended for a microscopic examination of the urine?

<p>changes occur in a specimen left standing out</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does concentrated urine have on red blood cells in it?

<p>causes the red blood cells to become shrunken or crenated</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a urinary cast?

<p>cylindric structures formed in the lumen of the tubules that make up the nephron. Materials in the tubules harden, are flushed out, and appear in the urine in the form of casts</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the vaginal infection caused by yeast?

<p>candidiasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

List three reasons for performing a pregnancy test.

<p>earlier diagnosis, initiate early prenatal care, may be necessary before certain medications are ordered or procedures are performed that may cause injury to a fetus, immunologic tests</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the hormone that is present in the urine and blood only of a pregnant woman?

<p>HCG human chorionic gonadotropin</p> Signup and view all the answers

List five guidelines that should be followed when performing a pregnancy test.

<p>use clean, disposable containers, first-voided morning specimen, urine specimen should be at room temperature, testing kits should not be used past their expiration date, positive &amp; negative external control performed with each new shipment of urine pregnancy tests</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Urinalysis Overview

  • Urine is approximately 95% water, which is crucial for its role in waste elimination.
  • Frequency refers to the condition of urinating often, which can indicate underlying health issues.
  • Polyuria is characterized by an excessive increase in urine output, often linked to diabetes or a high fluid intake.
  • A clean-catch midstream urine specimen is essential for accurate urine culture testing.
  • Urinalysis involves physical, chemical, and microscopic examinations to diagnose conditions.

Urinalysis Indicators

  • Light yellow urine typically indicates hydration, while cloudy urine may suggest the presence of bacteria or infection.
  • Normal urine pH is often slightly acidic, not neutral.
  • Menstruation can lead to blood in urine, known as hematuria, which is generally considered normal.
  • Hematuria specifically denotes the presence of blood in urine.
  • Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG) is a hormone found in the urine and blood of pregnant women.

Urine Components

  • Urea is produced from protein breakdown, not water.
  • A healthy adult typically excretes between 750-2000 mL of urine daily.
  • Oliguria can occur due to vomiting or dehydration, reflecting decreased urine output.
  • The distal urethra naturally hosts microorganisms.

Urine Specimen Collection

  • A 24-hour urine specimen is typically required for diagnosing kidney stones, not UTIs.
  • Specimens left at room temperature for over an hour can develop an ammonia smell due to bacterial action and cause abnormal pH changes.

Urine Physical Characteristics

  • Cloudy specimens can indicate urinary tract infections, while concentrated urine appears dark yellow due to urochrome.
  • Specific gravity of urine ranges from 1.003 to 1.030; this tests the kidney's ability to concentrate urine.
  • Qualitative tests assess the presence and approximate amount of substances, while quantitative tests provide precise measurements.

Factors Affecting Urine Composition

  • Bacterial infections can raise urine pH, leading to an alkaline environment.
  • Glycosuria occurs when blood sugar levels exceed the renal threshold, causing glucose to enter urine.
  • Proteinuria may arise from kidney damage or infections.
  • Bilirubin presence is often indicative of liver diseases, such as hepatitis or cirrhosis.

Urine Testing Guidelines

  • Nitrite tests should not be conducted on aged urine samples to avoid false-positive results.
  • Urine reagent strips require proper storage conditions to maintain efficacy.
  • Microscopic examinations of urine help clarify findings from physical and chemical tests.

Casts and Infections

  • Urinary casts form in nephrons; their presence in urine can indicate kidney dysfunction or damage.
  • Candidiasis is a common yeast infection that can affect vaginal health.
  • Pregnancy tests are performed for early diagnosis and to inform prenatal care.

Pregnancy Testing Protocol

  • Guidelines for pregnancy tests include using clean, disposable containers and first-voided morning urine for accurate results.
  • Testing kits must be within the expiration date for validity, and controls should be used with new test shipments.

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Test your knowledge of urinalysis with these flashcards based on Chapter 30. Each card presents a statement related to urine composition and urination conditions, requiring you to determine their accuracy. Perfect for anyone studying clinical laboratory science or related fields!

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