Questions and Answers
Approximately 95% of urine consists of water.
True
Frequency is the condition of having to urinate often.
True
An excessive increase in urine output is called polyuria.
True
A clean-catch midstream urine specimen is required for a urine culture.
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Urinalysis consists of a physical, chemical, and microscopic examination of urine.
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A urine specimen that is light yellow indicates that bacteria are present in the specimen.
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The pH of most urine specimens is neutral.
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Blood may normally be present in the urine due to menstruation.
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Hematuria refers to the presence of blood in the urine.
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HCG is a hormone that is present in the urine and blood of a pregnant woman.
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Urea is a waste product derived from the breakdown of water.
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A normal adult excretes approximately 250 mL of urine each day.
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Vomiting can result in oliguria.
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The distal urethra normally contains microorganisms.
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A 24-hour urine specimen may be collected to assist in the diagnosis of a UTI.
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If a urine specimen is allowed to stand for more than 1 hour at room temperature, the pH becomes more acidic.
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If a freshly voided specimen is cloudy, the patient may have a urinary tract infection.
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The normal specific gravity of urine ranges from 1.003 to 1.030.
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Dysuria is the inability to control urination at night.
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Casts are formed in the urinary bladder.
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Most of the urine (95%) is composed of what substance?
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List two conditions that may cause polyuria.
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List two conditions that may cause oliguria.
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What type of urine specimen is required for the detection of a urinary tract infection (UTI)?
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Why is a first-voided morning specimen often preferred for urine testing?
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A 24-hour urine specimen is often used to diagnose what condition?
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Why should a patient not void directly into a 24-hour urine specimen container that contains a preservative?
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List three changes that may take place in a urine specimen if it is allowed to stand at room temperature for more than 1 hour.
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Why does concentrated urine tend to be dark yellow?
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List two factors that may cause a urine specimen to become cloudy.
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A urine specimen that has been allowed to stand at room temperature for a long period of time will have what type of odor?
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What is the purpose of testing the specific gravity of urine?
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What is the normal range for the specific gravity of urine?
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What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative test results?
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What may cause an increase in the pH of urine?
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Why does urine become more alkaline if it is not preserved?
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What may cause glycosuria?
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What conditions may cause proteinuria?
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What may cause ketosis?
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What conditions may cause bilirubin to appear in the urine?
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What may cause blood to appear in the urine?
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Why should a nitrite test not be performed on a urine specimen that has been left standing at room temperature?
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How should urine reagent strips be stored?
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What is the purpose of performing a microscopic examination of the urine?
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Why is a first-voided urine specimen recommended for a microscopic examination of the urine?
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What effect does concentrated urine have on red blood cells in it?
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What is a urinary cast?
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What is the name of the vaginal infection caused by yeast?
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List three reasons for performing a pregnancy test.
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What is the name of the hormone that is present in the urine and blood only of a pregnant woman?
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List five guidelines that should be followed when performing a pregnancy test.
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Study Notes
Urinalysis Overview
- Urine is approximately 95% water, which is crucial for its role in waste elimination.
- Frequency refers to the condition of urinating often, which can indicate underlying health issues.
- Polyuria is characterized by an excessive increase in urine output, often linked to diabetes or a high fluid intake.
- A clean-catch midstream urine specimen is essential for accurate urine culture testing.
- Urinalysis involves physical, chemical, and microscopic examinations to diagnose conditions.
Urinalysis Indicators
- Light yellow urine typically indicates hydration, while cloudy urine may suggest the presence of bacteria or infection.
- Normal urine pH is often slightly acidic, not neutral.
- Menstruation can lead to blood in urine, known as hematuria, which is generally considered normal.
- Hematuria specifically denotes the presence of blood in urine.
- Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG) is a hormone found in the urine and blood of pregnant women.
Urine Components
- Urea is produced from protein breakdown, not water.
- A healthy adult typically excretes between 750-2000 mL of urine daily.
- Oliguria can occur due to vomiting or dehydration, reflecting decreased urine output.
- The distal urethra naturally hosts microorganisms.
Urine Specimen Collection
- A 24-hour urine specimen is typically required for diagnosing kidney stones, not UTIs.
- Specimens left at room temperature for over an hour can develop an ammonia smell due to bacterial action and cause abnormal pH changes.
Urine Physical Characteristics
- Cloudy specimens can indicate urinary tract infections, while concentrated urine appears dark yellow due to urochrome.
- Specific gravity of urine ranges from 1.003 to 1.030; this tests the kidney's ability to concentrate urine.
- Qualitative tests assess the presence and approximate amount of substances, while quantitative tests provide precise measurements.
Factors Affecting Urine Composition
- Bacterial infections can raise urine pH, leading to an alkaline environment.
- Glycosuria occurs when blood sugar levels exceed the renal threshold, causing glucose to enter urine.
- Proteinuria may arise from kidney damage or infections.
- Bilirubin presence is often indicative of liver diseases, such as hepatitis or cirrhosis.
Urine Testing Guidelines
- Nitrite tests should not be conducted on aged urine samples to avoid false-positive results.
- Urine reagent strips require proper storage conditions to maintain efficacy.
- Microscopic examinations of urine help clarify findings from physical and chemical tests.
Casts and Infections
- Urinary casts form in nephrons; their presence in urine can indicate kidney dysfunction or damage.
- Candidiasis is a common yeast infection that can affect vaginal health.
- Pregnancy tests are performed for early diagnosis and to inform prenatal care.
Pregnancy Testing Protocol
- Guidelines for pregnancy tests include using clean, disposable containers and first-voided morning urine for accurate results.
- Testing kits must be within the expiration date for validity, and controls should be used with new test shipments.
Studying That Suits You
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Description
Test your knowledge of urinalysis with these flashcards based on Chapter 30. Each card presents a statement related to urine composition and urination conditions, requiring you to determine their accuracy. Perfect for anyone studying clinical laboratory science or related fields!