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Questions and Answers
Questions and Answers
What is the typical duration of acute infectious laryngitis?
What is the typical duration of acute infectious laryngitis?
- 1 to 2 days
- 2 to 4 weeks
- More than 4 weeks
- 3 to 7 days (correct)
Which antibiotic is not a first-line treatment for GABHS pharyngitis?
Which antibiotic is not a first-line treatment for GABHS pharyngitis?
- Amoxicillin
- Cefadroxil
- Penicillin G benzathine
- Tetracycline (correct)
What is often a common co-morbidity associated with acute laryngitis?
What is often a common co-morbidity associated with acute laryngitis?
- Asthma
- Chronic bronchitis
- Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) (correct)
- Hypertension
Which of the following is a recommended treatment for patients with penicillin allergies when treating GABHS?
Which of the following is a recommended treatment for patients with penicillin allergies when treating GABHS?
Which of the following indicates a potential bacterial etiology for laryngitis?
Which of the following indicates a potential bacterial etiology for laryngitis?
What is a common symptom of acute laryngitis?
What is a common symptom of acute laryngitis?
Which treatment is essential if symptoms of uncontrolled GERD are present in patients with laryngitis?
Which treatment is essential if symptoms of uncontrolled GERD are present in patients with laryngitis?
Which viral organism is commonly associated with cases of pediatric acute laryngitis known as croup?
Which viral organism is commonly associated with cases of pediatric acute laryngitis known as croup?
Which of the following treatments is used for acute infectious laryngitis if bacterial etiology is suspected?
Which of the following treatments is used for acute infectious laryngitis if bacterial etiology is suspected?
What characterizes chronic laryngitis when acute laryngitis lasts longer than?
What characterizes chronic laryngitis when acute laryngitis lasts longer than?
What is one major consequence of improper antibiotic prescriptions for URIs?
What is one major consequence of improper antibiotic prescriptions for URIs?
Which of the following is NOT one of the four most common types of URIs?
Which of the following is NOT one of the four most common types of URIs?
Which clinical term is associated with inflammation of the middle ear?
Which clinical term is associated with inflammation of the middle ear?
What term is also known as 'glue ear'?
What term is also known as 'glue ear'?
What is the primary aim of the first- and second-line treatment strategies for managing URIs?
What is the primary aim of the first- and second-line treatment strategies for managing URIs?
How has the rate of URI-related visits to physicians changed since 2022?
How has the rate of URI-related visits to physicians changed since 2022?
What is the primary focus of URIs in relation to epidemiology and risk factors?
What is the primary focus of URIs in relation to epidemiology and risk factors?
Which symptom is typically associated with otitis media with effusion (OME)?
Which symptom is typically associated with otitis media with effusion (OME)?
What is the ideal recommended treatment for a patient with a fever, chills, and significant halitosis after dental surgery?
What is the ideal recommended treatment for a patient with a fever, chills, and significant halitosis after dental surgery?
What is the most likely cause of symptoms in a 52-year-old patient with fever and chills after dental surgery?
What is the most likely cause of symptoms in a 52-year-old patient with fever and chills after dental surgery?
Which patient is most at risk for developing acute otitis media?
Which patient is most at risk for developing acute otitis media?
Which bacterial infection is most likely to be successfully treated with first-line amoxicillin-clavulanate therapy?
Which bacterial infection is most likely to be successfully treated with first-line amoxicillin-clavulanate therapy?
What sign or symptom specifically distinguishes acute laryngitis from other upper respiratory infections?
What sign or symptom specifically distinguishes acute laryngitis from other upper respiratory infections?
What is the primary cause of chronic otitis media (COM)?
What is the primary cause of chronic otitis media (COM)?
Which of the following is the only commonly occurring form of acute pharyngitis (AP) that requires antibiotic therapy?
Which of the following is the only commonly occurring form of acute pharyngitis (AP) that requires antibiotic therapy?
What is the most appropriate course of action for a 2-year-old with ear pain and a history of non-severe penicillin allergy?
What is the most appropriate course of action for a 2-year-old with ear pain and a history of non-severe penicillin allergy?
Which symptom is least likely to be associated with GABHS acute pharyngitis?
Which symptom is least likely to be associated with GABHS acute pharyngitis?
What URI is likely indicated for a 10-year-old with severe throat pain, red, swollen tonsils, and conjunctivitis?
What URI is likely indicated for a 10-year-old with severe throat pain, red, swollen tonsils, and conjunctivitis?
What percentage of persons of all ages with pharyngitis are likely caused by GABHS?
What percentage of persons of all ages with pharyngitis are likely caused by GABHS?
Which of the following is NOT a sign suggestive of viral acute pharyngitis?
Which of the following is NOT a sign suggestive of viral acute pharyngitis?
Which symptom during acute viral rhinosinusitis explains nasal and facial congestion?
Which symptom during acute viral rhinosinusitis explains nasal and facial congestion?
Which infectious agent is most commonly identified in patients with acute viral pharyngitis (AVP)?
Which infectious agent is most commonly identified in patients with acute viral pharyngitis (AVP)?
What is the gold standard for determining the cause of bacterial or viral acute pharyngitis?
What is the gold standard for determining the cause of bacterial or viral acute pharyngitis?
Which one of the following is a common mode of transmission for viruses or bacteria causing acute pharyngitis?
Which one of the following is a common mode of transmission for viruses or bacteria causing acute pharyngitis?
For a patient presenting with persistent headache, facial and sinus congestion after 14 days of worsening cold symptoms, what is the likely diagnosis?
For a patient presenting with persistent headache, facial and sinus congestion after 14 days of worsening cold symptoms, what is the likely diagnosis?
After 12 days of throat pain and dysphagia in a child, what is the most appropriate follow-up action?
After 12 days of throat pain and dysphagia in a child, what is the most appropriate follow-up action?
Which symptom is primarily associated with acute viral pharyngitis?
Which symptom is primarily associated with acute viral pharyngitis?
How long do symptoms of viral acute pharyngitis typically last?
How long do symptoms of viral acute pharyngitis typically last?
What clinical finding is most indicative of acute otitis media?
What clinical finding is most indicative of acute otitis media?
In the assessment of a child with throat pain and conjunctivitis, which additional symptom supports a viral infection over a bacterial one?
In the assessment of a child with throat pain and conjunctivitis, which additional symptom supports a viral infection over a bacterial one?
What is a key feature that distinguishes bacterial acute pharyngitis from viral acute pharyngitis?
What is a key feature that distinguishes bacterial acute pharyngitis from viral acute pharyngitis?
Which condition would typically present with nasal congestion accompanied by purulent sinus drainage?
Which condition would typically present with nasal congestion accompanied by purulent sinus drainage?
What is the expected temperature during a viral upper respiratory infection?
What is the expected temperature during a viral upper respiratory infection?
Questions and Answers
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Study Notes
Study Notes
Upper Respiratory Tract Infections (URIs)
- Most frequent infection leading to physician visits, totaling 25 million annually pre-COVID in the US; rates increased by 30% since 2022.
- Major contributor to bacterial antibiotic resistance due to misuse and over-prescription of antibiotics.
- Four primary types of URIs:
- Acute otitis media
- Acute rhinosinusitis
- Acute pharyngitis
- Acute laryngitis
Otitis Media (OM)
- Represents inflammation of the middle ear, with three forms:
- Acute otitis media (AOM)
- Otitis media with effusion (OME) also known as "glue ear."
- Chronic otitis media (COM) leads to long-term inflammation and multi-drug resistant infections.
- Over 700 million global cases annually, with 50% affecting children.
Acute Pharyngitis (AP)
- Most commonly caused by Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus (GABHS); other viral and non-streptococcal bacterial causes also possible.
- Symptoms include sudden sore throat, fever, and constitutional signs, typically resolving in 3-5 days.
- Clinical signs for GABHS and viral causes are often similar.
Diagnosis of GABHS Pharyngitis
- Throat swabs utilized for:
- Rapid antigen-detection test (RADT)
- Gold standard microbiological culture.
Treatment Considerations
- Viral AP management involves symptomatic relief with anti-pyretics and analgesics.
- GABHS treatment includes:
- First-line: Penicillin V, Penicillin G benzathine, Amoxicillin (10-day course).
- Alternatives for penicillin allergy: Cephalexin, Clindamycin, Azithromycin, Clarithromycin.
Acute Laryngitis (AL)
- Inflammation of the larynx, typically self-limiting and lasts 3-7 days; chronic if >3 weeks.
- Commonly viral in origin; pediatric cases may include "croup."
- Symptoms: voice changes, dry cough, throat pain, fever; often associated with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).
General Diagnosis and Treatment for AL
- Diagnosis through laryngoscope examination.
- Treatment includes voice rest, supportive care, and corticosteroids for croup.
Risk Factors and Clinical Management
- Common risk factors shared between different URIs, with a focus on ensuring proper antibiotic use to prevent complications and resistance.
Study Question Highlights
- Importance of differentiating viral vs bacterial infections in treatment decisions.
- Understanding of conditions leading to acute otitis media and appropriate treatment choices based on patient history and symptoms.
- Recognizing signs that distinguish laryngitis from other URIs, with particular focus on aphonia as a unique symptom.
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