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What is the most appropriate treatment for a patient with a fever, chills, and significant halitosis after dental surgery?
Which condition is most likely causing the symptoms of fever and chills in the 52-year-old patient?
Which demographic is at the highest risk for developing acute otitis media?
Which pathogen is most commonly treated successfully with first-line amoxicillin-clavulanate therapy in cases of acute bacterial rhinosinusitis?
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What distinct sign is primarily associated with acute laryngitis that differentiates it from other upper respiratory infections?
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What is the recommended initial treatment for GABHS infections in patients without penicillin allergies?
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Which of the following is a common symptom of acute laryngitis?
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What treatment is recommended for chronic laryngitis if it is suspected to be caused by uncontrolled GERD symptoms?
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What indicates a need for corticosteroid treatment in cases of croup?
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Which of the following viruses is most commonly associated with acute infectious laryngitis?
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What is the duration during which acute laryngitis typically resolves?
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What type of examination is used for diagnosing laryngitis?
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Which of the following antibiotics is commonly prescribed for patients with penicillin allergies who have GABHS?
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What is a significant co-morbidity often associated with acute laryngitis?
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What differentiates acute from chronic laryngitis?
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What is the most common type of upper respiratory tract infection (URI)?
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Which of the following statements about the epidemiology of URIs is correct?
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Which URI is often referred to as 'glue ear'?
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What clinical test is commonly used to diagnose acute otitis media?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of URI?
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What is a significant concern regarding URIs and antibiotic use?
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What symptom is commonly associated with acute rhinosinusitis?
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What is the primary rationale for prioritizing first-line treatment strategies in managing URIs?
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What defines chronic otitis media (COM)?
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Which age group accounts for 50% of the cases of otitis media worldwide?
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What is the most common bacterial cause of acute pharyngitis (AP)?
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Which of the following is a sign suggestive of viral acute pharyngitis?
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Which test is considered the gold standard for determining the cause of acute pharyngitis?
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What feature is common in both bacterial and viral causes of acute pharyngitis?
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What does coryza refer to in the context of viral infections?
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Which factor is primarily responsible for spreading viruses and bacteria causing pharyngitis?
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Which of these signs would not typically suggest acute viral pharyngitis?
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What is the primary method of diagnosing GABHS in patients with acute pharyngitis?
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What is the next recommended course of action for a 2-year-old with ear pain and signs of a non-severe penicillin allergy?
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Based on the symptoms, what is the likely diagnosis for a 10-year-old with severe throat pain and conjunctivitis?
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What nasal cavity symptom is primarily responsible for congestion during acute viral rhinosinusitis?
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Which infectious agent is most commonly associated with acute viral pharyngitis?
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What would be the most appropriate test for a 10-year-old suspected of having acute bacterial pharyngitis?
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What is a common complication of untreated acute otitis media in children?
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Which symptom is NOT typically associated with acute viral pharyngitis?
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What would be the appropriate management for a persistent sinus congestion and cough lasting beyond 10 days?
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In the case of a 2-year-old with tympanic membrane infections, which condition can lead to hearing loss if repeated?
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Which finding would likely indicate a bacterial infection rather than a viral one in a patient with throat pain?
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Study Notes
Upper Respiratory Tract Infections (URIs)
- Most frequent infection leading to physician visits, totaling 25 million annually pre-COVID in the US; rates increased by 30% since 2022.
- Major contributor to bacterial antibiotic resistance due to misuse and over-prescription of antibiotics.
- Four primary types of URIs:
- Acute otitis media
- Acute rhinosinusitis
- Acute pharyngitis
- Acute laryngitis
Otitis Media (OM)
- Represents inflammation of the middle ear, with three forms:
- Acute otitis media (AOM)
- Otitis media with effusion (OME) also known as "glue ear."
- Chronic otitis media (COM) leads to long-term inflammation and multi-drug resistant infections.
- Over 700 million global cases annually, with 50% affecting children.
Acute Pharyngitis (AP)
- Most commonly caused by Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus (GABHS); other viral and non-streptococcal bacterial causes also possible.
- Symptoms include sudden sore throat, fever, and constitutional signs, typically resolving in 3-5 days.
- Clinical signs for GABHS and viral causes are often similar.
Diagnosis of GABHS Pharyngitis
- Throat swabs utilized for:
- Rapid antigen-detection test (RADT)
- Gold standard microbiological culture.
Treatment Considerations
- Viral AP management involves symptomatic relief with anti-pyretics and analgesics.
- GABHS treatment includes:
- First-line: Penicillin V, Penicillin G benzathine, Amoxicillin (10-day course).
- Alternatives for penicillin allergy: Cephalexin, Clindamycin, Azithromycin, Clarithromycin.
Acute Laryngitis (AL)
- Inflammation of the larynx, typically self-limiting and lasts 3-7 days; chronic if >3 weeks.
- Commonly viral in origin; pediatric cases may include "croup."
- Symptoms: voice changes, dry cough, throat pain, fever; often associated with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).
General Diagnosis and Treatment for AL
- Diagnosis through laryngoscope examination.
- Treatment includes voice rest, supportive care, and corticosteroids for croup.
Risk Factors and Clinical Management
- Common risk factors shared between different URIs, with a focus on ensuring proper antibiotic use to prevent complications and resistance.
Study Question Highlights
- Importance of differentiating viral vs bacterial infections in treatment decisions.
- Understanding of conditions leading to acute otitis media and appropriate treatment choices based on patient history and symptoms.
- Recognizing signs that distinguish laryngitis from other URIs, with particular focus on aphonia as a unique symptom.
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Description
Explore the various types of upper respiratory tract infections (URIs) including acute otitis media, acute rhinosinusitis, acute pharyngitis, and acute laryngitis. Learn about their prevalence, causes, and impacts on health, particularly in children. This quiz addresses the major contributors to antibiotic resistance as well.
