Upper GI Tract Infections Overview
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Questions and Answers

Which clinical feature is most characteristic of herpangina?

  • Fever, sore throat, and herpes-like lesions on the posterior oropharynx and tonsils (correct)
  • Corrugated white lesion on the lateral surface of the tongue
  • Firm, white plaques on the cheek, lips, and tongue
  • Creamy white patches on the tongue

    • What is the primary method of reproduction for Candida?

  • Encapsulation
  • Budding (correct)
  • Spore formation
  • Binary fission

    • Which immune response is most crucial for controlling systemic candidiasis?

  • Complement activation
  • Adaptive immunity via T lymphocytes
  • Innate immunity via phagocytes (correct)
  • Antibody-mediated immunity

    • What is the typical appearance of thrush in the mouth?

    <p>Creamy, white, curd-like patches (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic test is used to confirm Candida esophagitis?

    <p>KOH test on scrapings or smears (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the preferred method for diagnosing herpetic esophagitis?

    <p>Endoscopy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most frequent initial clinical manifestation of HSV-1 infection?

    <p>Gingivostomatitis and pharyngitis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a typical symptom of orofacial herpes simplex virus infection?

    <p>Weight gain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic finding is associated with infectious mononucleosis caused by Epstein-Barr virus?

    <p>Mononuclear leukocytosis with atypical lymphocytes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the classic triad of symptoms associated with infectious mononucleosis?

    <p>Sore throat, fever, and lymphadenopathy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Infectious mononucleosis is serologically indicated by the presence of which of the following antibodies?

    <p>Heterophile antibodies (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the usual appearance of oral hairy leukoplakia?

    <p>Corrugated or 'hairy' white lesion on the lateral tongue (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What opportunistic infection is Kaposi Sarcoma-associated Herpesvirus (HHV-8) commonly associated with?

    <p>AIDS (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell type is not a primary target cell of the Human Herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8)?

    <p>Neutrophils (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common hematological complication of infectious mononucleosis?

    <p>Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of dental caries?

    <p>Acid-producing bacteria (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which infection is characterized by painful blisters around the mouth?

    <p>Herpes simplex virus infection (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the potential consequences of untreated periodontitis?

    <p>Bone loss and receding gums (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common manifestation of candidiasis in the mouth?

    <p>White patches on oral tissues (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic approach is commonly used to identify the cause of oral cavity infections?

    <p>Physical examination and culture swabs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of infection affects both the gums and the underlying bone structure?

    <p>Periodontitis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of individuals is at higher risk for developing oral thrush?

    <p>Those with weakened immune systems (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of treatment is typically necessary for fungal infections in the oral cavity?

    <p>Antifungals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Coxsackie A Virus

    An RNA virus causing herpangina, characterized by fever, sore throat, and lesions.

    Herpangina

    A viral infection leading to fever and herpes-like lesions in the throat.

    Candida

    A genus of fungi, primarily Candida albicans, that can cause infections when the immune system is compromised.

    Thrush

    A type of oral candidiasis characterized by creamy white patches in the mouth.

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    Candida Esophagitis

    Inflammation of the esophagus caused by Candida, often seen in immunocompromised patients.

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    Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)

    A virus causing oral and genital infections, often asymptomatic.

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    Infectious Mononucleosis

    An illness caused by Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV), presenting with sore throat, fever, and lymphadenopathy.

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    Oral Hairy Leukoplakia

    A white lesion on the tongue caused by EBV, often in immunocompromised individuals.

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    Herpetic Esophagitis

    Inflammation of the esophagus caused by HSV or CMV, especially in immunocompromised patients.

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    HHV-8

    Human Herpesvirus 8 linked to Kaposi Sarcoma, especially in AIDS patients.

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    Candida Factors

    Conditions that predispose to Candida infections include antibiotics and immunosuppression.

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    Viral Transmission

    Many herpesviruses, including HSV and EBV, spread via direct contact.

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    EBV Complications

    Complications of mononucleosis may include splenic rupture and autoimmune hemolytic anemia.

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    Candidiasis Diagnosis

    Diagnosis can be confirmed with KOH tests and clinical appearance of lesions.

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    Fungal Commensalism

    Candida is normally present in humans but can become pathogenic with immune disruption.

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    Dental Caries

    Tooth decay caused by acid-producing bacteria like Streptococcus mutans.

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    Periodontitis

    Infection of the gums caused by bacteria leading to inflammation and bone loss.

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    Candidiasis

    A fungal infection in the mouth caused by Candida albicans, common in immunocompromised individuals.

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    Oral Thrush

    A form of candidiasis characterized by white lesions in the mouth.

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    Symptoms of Oral Infections

    Pain, swelling, ulcers, and difficulty swallowing linked to oral infections.

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    Diagnosis of Oral Infections

    Involves physical examination and laboratory tests to identify infection types.

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    Treatment of Oral Infections

    Varies by cause: antibiotics for bacteria, antifungals for fungi, antivirals for viruses.

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    Study Notes

    Upper GI Tract Infections

    • Coxsackie A Virus Infection (Herpangina):

      • RNA virus
      • Symptoms: fever, sore throat, herpes-like lesions on the back of the throat and tonsils
      • Affects children (ages 3-10) most commonly
      • Predominant in summer and fall
      • Later stages can involve ulcerations covered with fibrin

    • Candida Infections:

      • Yeasts (fungi) reproduce by budding.
      • Gram-positive stain.
      • Candida albicans is the most common species, found in various environments (soil, animals, hospitals).
      • Candida is a normal human commensal but can become pathogenic due to immune system problems.
      • Predisposing factors include antibiotics, chemotherapy, and intravenous catheters.
      • Innate (phagocytes) and adaptive (T lymphocytes) immune responses are crucial for controlling Candida infections.
      • Oral Thrush: A specific form of oral candidiasis, manifesting as creamy white, curd-like patches on the mouth, tongue, or other mucous membranes. Easily removable, revealing painful raw surface. Often caused by inhaled steroids.
      • Other Candida Conditions:
        • Acute Atrophic Candidiasis
        • Chronic Atrophic Candidiasis ("denture sore mouth")
        • Angular Cheilitis (inflammatory reaction at the corners of the mouth; not exclusively Candida)
        • Candida Leukoplakia (firm, white plaques, possibly precancerous)
      • Candida Esophagitis: Often seen in patients with cancer treatment or AIDS. Symptoms include painful swallowing, feelings of obstruction, substernal chest pain, nausea, and vomiting. Diagnosis involves observing white patches endoscopically.
      • Simultaneous Infections: Can occur alongside herpes simplex virus or cytomegalovirus in immunocompromised patients. Confirmed by potassium hydroxide (KOH) tests on scrapings/smears, blood, or tissue cultures.

    • Herpetic Esophagitis and Glossitis:

      • Can co-occur with herpes simplex virus or cytomegalovirus infection in immunocompromised individuals.
      • Diagnosis preferred via endoscopy.

    • Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV):

      • Double-stranded DNA virus.
      • Orofacial infection (gingivostomatitis, pharyngitis) is a common initial symptom of HSV-1 infection.
      • Recurrent lip lesions (herpes labialis) are common in latent infections.
      • Infections are rare deaths in non-immunocompromised people.
      • Oral Herpes: Commonly manifested as cold sores. Generally from HSV-1 virus, characterized by painful blisters or sores around the mouth.

    • Epidemiology (Herpesviruses):

      • Nearly all adults are infected with HSV-1, VZV, EBV, HHV-6, and HHV-7.
      • Transmission typically through direct contact (VZV can sometimes survive in environment).

    • Orofacial HSV-1 Infection:

      • Gingivostomatitis and pharyngitis primary infection symptoms.
      • Common in children and young adults.
      • Symptoms include malaise, muscle aches, difficulty eating, irritability, and swollen neck glands (cervical adenopathy).

    • Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) Infections (Infectious Mononucleosis):

      • Gamma-1 herpesvirus.
      • Symptoms: sore throat, fever, and lymphadenopathy (swollen lymph nodes).
      • Serologically diagnosed by heterophile antibodies.

    • EBV (Infectious Mononucleosis) Hematological Findings:

    • Mononuclear leukocytosis (abnormal white blood cells called Downey cells).

    • EBV (Infectious Mononucleosis) Complications:

      • Autoimmune hemolytic anemia.
      • Cold agglutinins (IgM).
      • Mild thrombocytopenia.
      • Splenic rupture, encephalitis, Guillain-Barre syndrome, Bell’s palsy, and transverse myelitis are possibilities.
      • Hepatic and renal manifestations (elevated liver enzymes and blood in urine respectively).

    • Oral Hairy Leukoplakia:

      • Corrugated white lesions on the tongue (or other areas).
      • Seen in immunocompromised states (AIDS) due to uncontrolled EBV replication.
      • Differential diagnosis includes oral candidiasis.

    • Human Herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) :

      • Kaposi Sarcoma-associated Herpesvirus.
      • Associated with opportunistic diseases (like AIDS).
      • Primarily infects B cells and some endothelial cells, monocytes, etc.
      • Common in some regions (Italy, Greece, Africa).
      • Most common cancer in sub-Saharan Africa.

    Common Oral Cavity Infections

    • Dental caries (tooth decay): Caused by acid-producing bacteria (e.g., Streptococcus mutans) attacking tooth enamel, resulting in cavities or holes. Can cause pain, sensitivity, and tooth loss if untreated.
    • Periodontitis: An infection of the gums and surrounding tissues, caused by bacteria (e.g., Porphyromonas gingivalis) and plaque biofilm. Leads to gum inflammation, bleeding, receding gums and bone loss.
    • Candidiasis (oral thrush): A fungal infection caused by Candida albicans. Common in individuals with weakened immune systems or those taking antibiotics. Manifests as white patches.

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    Description

    This quiz covers various upper gastrointestinal tract infections, including Coxsackie A virus (Herpangina) and Candida infections. Learn about symptoms, affected populations, and the immune responses involved in managing these infections. Ideal for health science students or professionals seeking to enhance their understanding of infectious diseases.

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