23 Questions
What is the conversion rate of 1 centimeter to millimeters?
1 cm = 10 mm
What is the size of the actual image when the given image size is in cm/mm?
μm
What is the pH range of the Stomach where Helicobacter bacteria thrive?
pH 1-3 (Very Acidic)
What is the characteristic of Lactobacillus bacteria in the stomach?
Acid-loving
What is the term for the process of calculating the actual size of an object using the microscope image?
Magnification
What is the term used to describe the characteristics of organisms, such as multicellular structure and heterotrophic nutrition?
Characteristics of Organisms
What is the term used to describe the characteristics of biology, excluding organisms?
MRS. GREN
What is the chemical formula for Adenine?
C5H5N5
Where are ribosomes typically located in a cell?
Cytoplasm
What is the function of mRNA?
To carry instructions from DNA to ribosomes
What is the purpose of the coarse adjustment knob on a microscope?
To focus the image on the stage
What is the function of the diaphragm (or iris diaphragm) on a microscope?
To adjust the amount of light that reaches the specimen
What is the function of the stage clips on a microscope?
To hold the slide in place on the stage
What is the hierarchical organization of living things, from smallest to largest?
Cell → Tissue → Organ → Organ System → Organism
What is the main reason why viruses are not considered truly alive?
They require a host to reproduce
What is the function of an organ system in an organism?
To work together to perform complex functions necessary for survival
What is the correct order of the structure of life?
Atoms → Molecules → Organelles → Cells → Tissues → Organs → Organ Systems → Organisms
Which type of cell has a true nucleus?
Eukaryotic
What is the function of organelles in eukaryotic cells?
To perform specific functions such as photosynthesis or protein synthesis
What is the method of reproduction in prokaryotic cells?
Binary Fission
What is the function of the cell wall in plant cells?
To provide structure and support
What is the formula to convert to micrometer?
Multiply by 1000x and add 'μm'
What is the main function of mitochondria in eukaryotic cells?
To generate energy for the cell
Study Notes
Organ Systems and Cells
- Each organ within a system contributes to a specific function, such as digestion, circulation, respiration, and reproduction.
- The circulatory system transports blood, nutrients, gases, and wastes.
Measurement Conversions
- 1 cm = 10 mm
- 1 m = 1000 μm
- To convert image size from cm to μm, multiply by 10^(-3)
Microscopy
- Calculating magnification: I (cm) / m = (i (cm) x 10^(-3)) / m = actual size
- Image size: cm/mm, Actual size: μm
- If given in mm, convert to μm by multiplying by 1000
Bacteria and Stomach
- 10^3 bacteria/cm^3 in the stomach
- Lactobacillus, Helicobacter, and Veillonella are types of bacteria found in the stomach
- pH levels in the stomach: 1-3 (very acidic)
Cell Types and Characteristics
- Prokaryotic cells: lack a true nucleus, e.g., E.coli, Bacteria, and Viruses
- Eukaryotic cells: have a true nucleus, e.g., Amoeba, Yeast, and Paramecium
- Cell features comparison:
- Prokaryotic: no cell membrane, no nucleus, no organelles, binary fission reproduction
- Eukaryotic: has cell membrane, nucleus, organelles, mitosis or meiosis reproduction
- Animal cells: has cell membrane, nucleus, organelles, mitosis reproduction
- Plant cells: has cell membrane, nucleus, organelles, cell wall, mitosis reproduction
DNA and RNA
- DNA bases: Adenine (C5H5N5), Uracil (C4H4N2O2), Cytosine (C4H5N3O), Guanine (C5H5N5O)
- Location: Nucleus, Cytoplasm, Ribosomes
- RNA types: mRNA (carries instructions from DNA to ribosomes), rRNA (structural component of ribosomes), tRNA (transports amino acids to ribosomes)
Microscope Components
- Revolving nosepiece (turret): holds objective lenses and can be rotated to switch between different magnification lenses
- Coarse adjustment knob: finds the image on the stage and gets it quickly into focus
- Diaphragm (or Iris Diaphragm): controls the amount of light that reaches the specimen
- Stage clips: hold the slide in place on the stage to ensure it does not move while observing the specimen
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