CRJS 370 Unit #3
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Questions and Answers

What is the term used to describe offences that involve interference with the administration of justice?

  • Community engagement crimes
  • Administrative offences (correct)
  • Crime severity index infractions
  • Youth supervision violations

    • In what setting is field research conducted?

  • In a laboratory setting
  • In judicial environments
  • In academic institutions
  • In community settings (correct)

    • What type of offenders are adolescent limited offenders (AL)?

  • Offenders who engage in antisocial behavior only in adolescence (correct)
  • Offenders with severe childhood histories
  • Offenders involved in formal supervision programs
  • Offenders with consistent criminal behavior throughout life

    • What do aggregated statistics refer to?

    <p>Statistics grouped into categories making individual matching impossible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do clearance rates indicate?

    <p>The rate at which police solve crimes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which model focuses on the community's ability to address inequities and injustices rather than solely focusing on offenders?

    <p>Community Change Model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main conclusion to be drawn from the comparisons of crime rates under the JDA, YOA, and YCJA?

    <p>Youth crime rates are a function of changes in law, not changes in youth behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does informal processing of cases under the YCJA involve?

    <p>Releasing youth offenders to the custody of their parents or a social agency without charges.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cases involve administrative and YOA/YCJA offences?

    <p>Cases where youth fail to comply with probation or pre-trial release conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did crime rates change with the implementation of the Young Offenders Act (YOA)?

    <p>Crime rates declined.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a common misconception about the relationship between youth crime and legislation?

    <p>Youth crime rates are solely determined by changes in youth behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is formal processing of cases under the YCJA?

    <p>Handling cases through court adjudication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary motivation for property crime among male street youth?

    <p>Purely utilitarian reasons like needing money</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of property items were often stolen by male street youth?

    <p>Clothes and game cartridges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common type of youth offense according to police statistics?

    <p>Property crimes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do some male street youth break into houses or buildings according to the text?

    <p>To sleep or steal food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main type of violence committed by youth offenders according to the text?

    <p>Minor assault resulting in little to no physical injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do victimization surveys raise concerns about in relation to popular stereotypes and criminal reporting?

    <p>Influence of media crime images on victim reports</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Community Change Model primarily focus on?

    <p>Juvenile delinquency prevention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of crime statistics, what does the Crime Severity Index assign a weight to?

    <p>The seriousness of the average sentence for each offence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to describe offenders who do not have a childhood history of antisocial behavior but engage in it only in adolescence when rewarding or profitable?

    <p>Adolescent limited offenders (AL)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do Aggregated Statistics refer to?

    <p>Statistics grouped into categories that make it impossible to match individuals on other characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Clearance Rate in the context of criminal incidents?

    <p>The rate at which police process criminal incidents as charge offences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of research method is conducted outside of a laboratory setting?

    <p>Field research method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary motivation for property crime among male street youth, according to the text?

    <p>To fulfill utilitarian needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what type of crime are stolen items among male street youth most likely to be things easily concealed and distributed, such as clothes and game cartridges?

    <p>Shoplifting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common type of violent offense committed by youth offenders based on the text?

    <p>Minor assault (assault Level 1)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of juvenile delinquency prevention efforts according to the text?

    <p>Preventing youth from engaging in criminal activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of after-school programs (ASPs) in relation to juvenile delinquency prevention, based on the information provided?

    <p>To offer educational and recreational activities to keep youth positively engaged</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of formal supervision in addressing youth delinquency, as suggested by the text?

    <p>To monitor and guide youth in positive directions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common misconception regarding the relationship between youth crime and legislation according to the text?

    <p>Youth crime rates have progressively increased with changes in law.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of juvenile delinquency prevention programs like after-school programs (ASPs)?

    <p>Providing alternatives to criminal activities and improving positive youth engagement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of formal supervision in the context of handling youth offenders?

    <p>It involves court-based adjudication and monitoring of youth offenders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does community engagement play a role in minimizing juvenile delinquency?

    <p>By involving the community in providing positive opportunities and support for youth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key aspect of effective youth supervision strategies in preventing delinquency?

    <p>Promoting positive relationships with responsible adults</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do after-school programs (ASPs) contribute to reducing juvenile delinquency?

    <p>By providing safe and structured environments for at-risk youth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of after-school programs (ASPs) in relation to youth delinquency prevention?

    <p>Offering recreational activities and sports programs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what aspect do some critics express concerns about victimization surveys?

    <p>Influence of popular stereotypes on victim reports</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does effective youth supervision primarily aim to prevent in terms of delinquent behavior?

    <p>Decrease in recidivism rates among youth offenders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of community engagement in minimizing juvenile delinquency?

    <p>Empowering community members to address social injustices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common motivation for property crime among male street youth?

    <p>Meeting basic survival needs like food or shelter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of crime is most prevalent among youth offenders based on police statistics?

    <p>Property crimes such as theft and vandalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the Community Change Model?

    <p>Addressing inequities and injustices in the community</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does field research take place?

    <p>In a natural setting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Crime Severity Index assign a weight to?

    <p>Seriousness of the average sentence for each offence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect does the Community Change Model focus on compared to other models?

    <p>Addressing community inequities and injustices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of after-school programs (ASPs) according to the text?

    <p>Youth supervision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of formal supervision in handling youth delinquency?

    <p>Preventing further delinquent behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of formal supervision in handling youth offenders?

    <p>To keep track of youth offenders' compliance with probation conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do after-school programs (ASPs) contribute to reducing juvenile delinquency?

    <p>By increasing the availability of recreational activities for youth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of community engagement in minimizing juvenile delinquency?

    <p>To strengthen ties between residents, schools, and local organizations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of youth supervision in the context of handling youth offenders?

    <p>To prevent recidivism and promote successful reintegration into society</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of after-school programs (ASPs) in relation to juvenile delinquency prevention efforts?

    <p>To offer structured activities and positive reinforcement to keep youth engaged</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect is emphasized when discussing formal supervision's role in addressing youth delinquency?

    <p>Promoting positive behavioral changes and compliance with conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do the comparisons of crime rates from the JDA, YOA, and YCJA primarily reveal?

    <p>Youth crime decreased with the Young Offenders Act (YOA) and increased with the Youth Criminal Justice Act (YCJA).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary motivation behind property crime committed by male street youth?

    <p>To fulfill a utilitarian need for money</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of informal processing of cases related to youth under the YCJA?

    <p>To release youth offenders to the custody of their parents or a social agency without going through the court system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common type of violent crime committed by youth offenders based on the information provided?

    <p>Minor assault resulting in little to no physical injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do some male street youth break into houses or buildings according to the text?

    <p>To steal food or sleep due to homelessness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the majority of YOA/YCJA offences manifest as exceptions to rate decreases?

    <p>Through failure to comply with conditions of probation or pre-trial release conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the text suggest about the relationship between changes in law and crime rates?

    <p>Changes in law influence crime rates, as seen with increases under the YOA and decreases under the YCJA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of after-school programs (ASPs) in relation to juvenile delinquency prevention?

    <p>Providing a structured and supervised environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of youth supervision strategies is highlighted as effective in preventing delinquency according to the text?

    <p>Community-based interventions focusing on prevention rather than punishment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what type of crime are stolen items among male street youth most likely to be things easily concealed and distributed according to the text?

    <p>Property crimes such as burglary and theft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main conclusion drawn regarding changes in crime rates under the JDA, YOA, and YCJA?

    <p>The types of crimes committed by youth changed significantly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In relation to juvenile delinquency prevention, what role do after-school programs (ASPs) play according to the text?

    <p>ASPs provide supervised activities and support to keep youth engaged in positive behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to offenders who do not have a childhood history of antisocial behavior but engage in it only in adolescence when rewarding or profitable?

    <p>Adolescent Limited Offenders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Crime Severity Index assign a weight to based on police statistics?

    <p>The seriousness of the average sentence for each offense</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of crime statistics, what do Clearance Rates indicate in terms of police activity?

    <p>The efficiency of police investigations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key focus of the Community Change Model in addressing social injustices and inequities?

    <p>Empowering community solutions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of crime items are categorized by the Crime Index based on Statistics Canada's classification scheme?

    <p><strong>Property crimes</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does field research take place as a method of conducting research?

    <p><strong>Community or natural environment</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common concern about victimization surveys, as indicated in the text?

    <p>They may be influenced by media crime images portraying minorities and young people as offenders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary motivation behind property crime among male street youth, based on the information provided?

    <p>For personal gain and utilitarian purposes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what type of violent offense do the majority of charges against youth offenders fall, according to the text?

    <p>Minor assault with little to no physical injury.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key focus of after-school programs (ASPs) in relation to juvenile delinquency prevention efforts, according to the text?

    <p>Offering a safe and structured environment for at-risk youth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of formal supervision in addressing youth delinquency, as proposed by the text?

    <p>To monitor and guide youth towards positive behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does community engagement contribute to minimizing juvenile delinquency, according to the text?

    <p>By fostering positive relationships and providing support to young individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Crime Index categorization scheme in Canada classify police crime statistics into?

    <p>Property crimes, violent crimes, and 'other' index crimes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the Crime Severity Index in relation to offenses?

    <p>The seriousness of the average sentence for each offense</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of youth supervision strategies is highlighted as effective in preventing delinquency?

    <p>Community engagement efforts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of formal supervision in handling youth offenders?

    <p>To reduce the frequency of juvenile delinquency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of after-school programs (ASPs) in relation to juvenile delinquency prevention efforts?

    <p>To prevent juvenile delinquency through structured activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does field research take place as a method of conducting research?

    <p>Within communities or real-world settings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the Community Change Model in addressing social injustices and inequities?

    <p>Community empowerment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is formal supervision significant in handling youth offenders?

    <p>To promote rehabilitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of after-school programs (ASPs) in relation to juvenile delinquency prevention efforts?

    <p>To offer support and guidance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of youth supervision, what is the main goal of effective supervision?

    <p>To prevent recidivism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does community engagement contribute to minimizing juvenile delinquency?

    <p>By empowering communities to address inequities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common misconception about the role of after-school programs (ASPs) according to the text?

    <p>They promote juvenile delinquency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern critics have raised about victimization surveys?

    <p>They may be influenced by stereotypes leading to biased reports.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of after-school programs (ASPs), what is a key aspect emphasized for reducing juvenile delinquency?

    <p>Providing academic support and tutoring services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common misconception about formal supervision's role in handling youth offenders?

    <p>It primarily focuses on punishment rather than rehabilitation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does community engagement contribute to juvenile delinquency prevention efforts?

    <p>By involving local communities in supporting positive youth development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key aspect highlighted in effective youth supervision strategies for preventing delinquent behavior?

    <p>Promoting positive relationships between youth and adults in authority</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of community engagement in the context of minimizing juvenile delinquency?

    <p>Involving local residents in supporting positive youth development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of after-school programs (ASPs) in relation to juvenile delinquency prevention efforts?

    <p>Addressing community engagement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of youth supervision, what is a key aspect highlighted in effective strategies for preventing delinquent behavior?

    <p>Fostering positive relationships with authority figures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Community Change Model primarily focus on?

    <p>Empowering communities to address social injustices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is formal supervision significant in handling youth offenders?

    <p>To monitor and guide youth effectively</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of after-school programs (ASPs) in relation to youth delinquency prevention efforts?

    <p>Providing constructive activities and mentorship</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key aspect of effective youth supervision strategies in preventing delinquency according to the text?

    <p>Building positive relationships with authority figures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Key Concepts

    • Administrative offences: involve interference with the administration of justice
    • Adolescent limited offenders (AL): majority of young offenders who engage in antisocial behavior only in adolescence, inconsistently, and when it's rewarding/profitable
    • Aggregated statistics: grouped into categories that make it impossible to match individuals on other characteristics
    • Clearance rates: statistics that indicate the rate at which police process criminal incidents as charge offences
    • Community Change Model: focuses on addressing inequities and injustices in the community, with less focus on offenders
    • Crime index: Statistics Canada categorization scheme for classifying police crime statistics as property, violent, and "other" index crimes
    • Crime severity index: assigns a weight to each offence based on the seriousness of the average sentence and the proportion of prison sentences allotted

    Types of Crime

    • Property crime: most common type of crime among youth, often petty and motivated by utilitarian needs (e.g. money, food, shelter)
    • Violent offences: majority of charges are for minor assault (assault Level 1), resulting in little to no physical injury

    Processing and Justice

    • Formal processing: cases handled through the courts, where the accused enters a plea and has their case adjudicated by the judge
    • Informal processing: cases handled outside of courts, where youth are not charged but are released to the custody of parents or a social agency
    • Important exception to rate decreases: administrative and YOA/YCJA offences, majority of which are failure to comply with conditions of probation or pre-trial release conditions

    Youth Crime and Justice

    • Crime under the YOA and YCJA vs. Crime under the JDA: many people believe that the YOA and YCJA led to increased youth crime, but most academics disagree
    • Conclusions: youth crime has not increased progressively, and crime rates are influenced by changes in law, not changes in youth behavior
    • Relationship between gender and offending among youth: to be discussed### Administrative Offences
    • Involve interference with the administration of justice

    Types of Offenders

    • Adolescent Limited Offenders (AL)
      • Engage in antisocial behaviour only in adolescence
      • No childhood history of antisocial behaviour
      • Behaviour is inconsistent and only when rewarding/profitable

    Statistics

    • Aggregated Statistics
      • Grouped into categories, making it impossible to match individuals on other characteristics
    • Clearance Rates
      • Rate at which police process criminal incidents as charge offences
    • Crime Index
      • Statistics Canada categorization scheme for classifying police crime statistics
      • Classified as property, violent, or "other" index crimes
    • Crime Severity Index
      • Assigns a weight to each offence based on:
        • Seriousness of the average sentence
        • Proportion of prison sentences allotted for that offence

    Research Methods

    • Field Research
      • Conducted outside of a laboratory, in the setting where the behaviour of interest is occurring

    Criticisms of Victimization Surveys

    • Reports may be influenced by popular stereotypes of criminals
    • Minorities and young people may be more likely to be reported as offenders

    Youth Crime

    • Property Crime
      • Most common type of youth offence
      • Usually petty in nature (e.g. stolen items are easily concealed and distributed)
      • Primary motivation is utilitarian (e.g. needing money)
    • Violent Offences
      • Majority are for minor assault (assault Level 1)
      • Result in little to no physical injury

    Comparing Crime Rates

    • YOA and YCJA versus JDA
      • Crime rates did not progressively increase with changes in laws
      • Changes in law (e.g. YOA and YCJA) affect crime rates

    Processing of Cases

    • Formal Processing
      • Cases handled through the courts
      • Accused enters a plea and has their case adjudicated by the judge
    • Informal Processing
      • Cases handled outside of courts
      • Youth are not charged and are released to the custody of their parents or a social agency

    Relationship between Gender and Offending among Youth

    • (No specific information provided in the text)

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    CRJS Exam #3 PDF

    Description

    Learn about the types of crimes typically engaged in by young people and whether they have changed over time under the Juvenile Delinquents Act (JDA), Young Offenders Act (YOA), and Youth Criminal Justice Act (YCJA). Explore how media crime images influence victim reports and the concerns raised by critics about victimization surveys.

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