5 Questions
What is the primary function of the mitochondria in a cell?
Energy production
Which type of chromosome is responsible for determining the sex of an organism?
Sex chromosomes
What is the term for the movement of water molecules into a cell through a selectively permeable membrane?
Osmosis
Which of the following is an example of active transport?
Pumping of sodium ions out of a cell
What is the term for the ability of a cell to maintain a stable internal environment despite changes in the external environment?
Homeostasis
Study Notes
Cell Organelles and Functions
- Nucleus: contains genetic material, regulates cell growth and reproduction
- Mitochondria: generates energy for the cell through cellular respiration
- Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): involved in protein synthesis, transport, and storage
- Ribosomes: site of protein synthesis
- Lysosomes: contains digestive enzymes, breaks down and recycles cellular waste
- Golgi Apparatus: modifies and packages proteins for transport
- Cytoskeleton: provides structural support, shape, and movement to the cell
- Plastids: involved in photosynthesis (in plant cells) and storage of pigments
- Vacuoles: stores water, salts, and waste products
Mendelian Inheritance
- Somatic cells: non-reproductive cells that make up the body, have 46 chromosomes (23 pairs)
- Sex chromosomes: X and Y chromosomes that determine the sex of an individual
- Autosomal chromosomes: non-sex chromosomes that determine traits
- Mendel's laws: predict the probability of inheritance of traits based on segregation, independent assortment, and dominance
Plasma Membrane Structure and Components
- Phospholipid bilayer: hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails
- Proteins: integral and peripheral proteins that facilitate transport and cell signaling
- Carbohydrates: glycoproteins and glycolipids that aid in cell-cell recognition
- Cholesterol: maintains membrane fluidity
Membrane Transport Mechanisms
Passive Transport
- Diffusion: movement of molecules from high to low concentration
- Osmosis: movement of water molecules from high to low concentration
- Tonicity: the ability of a solution to change the shape of a cell
- Isotonic: equal concentration, no net water movement
- Hypotonic: lower concentration, water enters the cell
- Hypertonic: higher concentration, water leaves the cell
Active Transport
- Pumping molecules against concentration gradient, requiring energy
- Types:
- Primary active transport: uses ATP to pump molecules
- Secondary active transport: uses energy from another transport process
- Facilitated diffusion: uses transport proteins to facilitate diffusion
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