327 Questions
What must be stopped in the event of an In-Flight Emergency or crash warning?
Servicing operations
What is required for continuance during In-Flight Emergencies?
At least one fully manned aircraft rescue and fire fighting vehicle
Why should a warm metal object be used to touch the aircraft grounding/bonding connector in freezing weather?
To prevent skin from sticking to the cold surface
What type of footwear is prohibited in the FSSZ?
Footwear with both b and c
What type of clothing is prohibited as outer garments when fuel servicing aircraft with low flashpoint fuels?
Clothing containing more than 65% of nylon, rayon, wool, or polyester
What is the procedure for flight crew members wearing Nomex and/or other authorized flight clothing to assist in aircraft fuel servicing operations?
Bare hand contact with the aircraft grounding/bonding connector or an unpainted aircraft surface
What devices are allowed to be operated within the FSSZ, but not within 10 feet of aircraft fuel vent outlets?
Cell phones and cameras
What is the maximum brake temperature allowed for fuel servicing to start, except for certain aircraft?
750 ºF
How can brake temperature be measured?
Using temperature sensitive substances (temp sticks) or infrared heat sensors
Under what condition may new servicing operations be started after an IFE or crash warning has been cancelled?
Both a and b
What is the main purpose of maintaining high standards of cleanliness in the hazardous environment of aircraft ground servicing?
To reduce the risk of spills and accumulation of hazardous substances
What type of fluids or substances must be prevented from accumulating in aircraft parking areas and servicing aprons?
Oil, hydraulic fluids, grease, or fuel
What is a critical factor in safe fuel servicing?
Keeping fuels in controlled areas, preventing spillage, and keeping ignition sources away
What is the temperature above which flammable mixtures can be formed by the vapors from JP-4 fuel?
10ºF
What is the term for the temperature at which the concentration of vapors is sufficient to form a flammable mixture?
Flash point temperature
What should be done in the event of a spill in a servicing area?
Control the spill in accordance with local directives once the aircraft and surrounding area are made safe
What is the minimum concentration of vapor-to-air where flame will occur with an ignition source?
Lower Flammable Limit
What happens to fuel vapors, being heavier than air?
They cling to the ground
What is the flash point of JP-8 fuel?
+100ºF
Why is special care required for JP-5 and JP-8 fuels?
They are used as a heat sink in some aircraft
What can cause a fine spray or mist to be present during pressurized refueling operations?
Equipment, pipes, and hoses
What can ignite JP-4 fuel vapors?
A small energy spark
What is the most common ignition source present during refueling operations?
Hot surfaces above 750ºF
What is the approximate temperature of a flame during a fire?
2000ºF
Who is responsible for ensuring that all applicable safety precautions and technical order requirements are taken during servicing operations?
The servicing supervisor
What is required to be immediately available during servicing operations?
Fire-fighting equipment
What must be obtained before starting new servicing operations after an IFE or crash warning has been cancelled?
Permission from the base Fire Chief or designated representative
Why is it important to avoid wearing clothing with certain fabrics in the FSSZ?
To reduce the risk of static electricity
What is the purpose of touching the aircraft grounding/bonding connector with a warm metal object?
To prevent skin from sticking to metal surfaces in freezing weather
What type of devices are allowed to be operated within 10 feet of aircraft fuel vent outlets?
Night vision goggles and intrinsically safe devices
What is the minimum requirement for fire protection in the event of an IFE or crash warning?
One fully manned aircraft rescue and fire fighting vehicle
What should personnel do before assisting in fuel servicing operations while wearing Nomex or authorized flight clothing?
Assure they are at the same potential as the aircraft
What is the purpose of not wearing certain types of footwear in the FSSZ?
To prevent sparks
What is the maximum temperature allowed for fuel servicing to start for most aircraft?
750 ºF
What is allowed to be operated within the FSSZ?
Laptop computers, portable digital assistants, pagers, and cameras
Why must servicing operations already underway be stopped in the event of an IFE or crash warning?
To ensure the safety of personnel and equipment
What is the primary reason to verify the positioning and type of fire extinguishers?
To provide a means of emergency response
During fuel servicing operations, who is responsible for testing the strainer quick disconnect locking device for positive engagement?
The team member connecting the refueling receptacle
What action should be taken if glowing or crackling fuel is noted during aircraft servicing?
Immediately cease all servicing operations
What is the purpose of establishing and maintaining voice contact with the control panel operator and/or servicing equipment operator(s)?
To coordinate fuel servicing operations and ensure safety
What is the minimum distance required from the fuel servicing safety zone for operating external power units?
50 feet
What is the minimum distance from a pressurized fuel carrying servicing component that active ignition sources should be removed and kept out of?
50 feet
Why is bonding of fiberglass ladders or work stands not required?
Fiberglass is a non-conductive material
What should be done if an aircraft fuel tank appears to fill abnormally slow or not at all?
Stop all refueling immediately
What is the primary purpose of implementing immediate shutdown procedures during fuel servicing operations?
To respond to an abnormal condition, such as power loss or fuel gage malfunction
What is the area within which aircraft interiors are not considered part of the FSSZ?
When canopies, ramps, or doors are open
Why should fuel servicing hoses be routed under aircraft with caution?
To prevent running engines and APU interference
What is the purpose of connecting the SPR nozzle to the aircraft fueling receptacle?
To facilitate single point servicing operations
What is the primary concern during aircraft servicing operations?
Fire protection
What should be done in the event of a fire or fuel leak during servicing operations?
Cease all servicing operations
What is the minimum distance from aircraft fuel vent outlets that active ignition sources should be removed and kept out of?
25 feet
Why should the aircraft be properly chocked during servicing operations?
To prevent the aircraft from moving
During fuel servicing operations, what is required to be established and maintained with the fuel control panel operator(s)?
Voice contact
When is it permitted to operate UHF/VHF cockpit radios on an aircraft during servicing operations?
Only when necessary for servicing
What is not allowed on adjacent aircraft parked in the fuel servicing safety zone?
Using NDI or welding equipment
What is the minimum air pressure required for servicing vehicles and support equipment?
90 psi
What is the primary purpose of ensuring personnel are thoroughly familiar with and qualified to perform safe servicing operations?
To reduce the risk of accidents and injuries
Who is allowed to remain in the fuel servicing safety zone during servicing operations?
Only personnel required for the operation
What should be ensured during concurrent servicing operations?
Minimal damage from other servicing equipment
What is the minimum distance from servicing operations that aircraft radar and High Frequency (HF) radios must be operated in transmit mode?
300 feet
When should servicing operations be terminated?
All of the above
Why are servicing operations stopped in the event of an aircraft crash/fire?
Until the crash/fire is declared under control and the required level of fire protection is available
What is the primary concern when performing maintenance on adjacent aircraft parked in the fuel servicing safety zone?
Ensuring the safety of the aircraft and personnel
Who is responsible for coordinating with all affected personnel to ensure servicing constraints are observed?
The servicing supervisor
What is the minimum distance from any aircraft or servicing operation that smoking is prohibited?
50 feet
What is the condition under which satellite communications (SATCOM) radios may be operated in the transmit mode?
When the antenna beam is pointed at least ten degrees above the horizon
What is the primary function of the 150-pound, Halon 1211 fire extinguisher?
To serve as a primary flight line fire extinguisher
During IFEs, what is done with the ARFF vehicles?
They are placed on standby posture along the runway
What must be located on each side of the aircraft during CSO?
Two 150-pound Halon 1211 fire extinguishers
Who determines the standby posturing requirements and ARFF vehicle locations?
The fire chief or SFO
What must be stopped immediately in the event of an IFE or crash warning?
All of the above
What is the goal of the fire chief during standby posturing?
To maintain a heightened state of alert while not taking away from other critical firefighter duties
What is required for continuance during emergency situations?
An immediate means of recalling the fire department must be available
What is the purpose of Table 3-1?
To outline fire protection requirements for various aircraft operations
Who is responsible for directing standby vehicles to emergencies?
The fire chief or SFO
What is required before starting new servicing operations after an IFE or crash warning has been cancelled?
The ARFF vehicle must return to a standby posture
How many Halon 1211 extinguishers are required for C-5, E-4, VC-25, and B-747 aircraft?
Two
What is required during loading and offloading operations, engine starts, or other aircraft servicing for cargo aircraft with nuclear weapons aboard?
One ARFF vehicle
What is the response time required for the standby ARFF vehicle during taxi, takeoff, and landing?
One minute
Why is a Halon 1211 extinguisher required during fuel servicing operations using aircraft APU/GTC without integral fire suppression capability?
To protect both the aircraft and APU/GTC exhaust port area
Who determines the positioning for optimum response time of the standby ARFF vehicle?
The Base Fire Chief
What type of aircraft require a Halon 1211 extinguisher to be positioned in the FSSZ?
C-5, E-4, VC-25, and B-747
What aircraft require two Halon 1211 extinguishers?
C-5, E-4, and B-747
During fuel servicing, what is required to be positioned in the FSSZ and to protect both the aircraft and APU/GTC exhaust port area?
One Halon 1211 extinguisher
What type of aircraft requires one Halon 1211 extinguisher per aircraft located in the FSSZ?
Cargo aircraft with nuclear weapons aboard
What is the minimum requirement for standby during taxi, takeoff, and landing?
One ARFF vehicle with a 1-minute response time
Who determines the positioning for optimum response?
The Base Fire Chief
What is required during loading and offloading operations, engine starts, or other aircraft servicing?
One ARFF vehicle in standby posture
What is the minimum concentration of vapor-to-air where flame will occur with an ignition source and continue to propagate?
Lower Flammable or Explosive Limit (LFL or LEL)
Why is it necessary to treat any JP-4 fuel spill as being flammable?
Because fuel vapors cling to the ground and mix with air at a flammable concentration
What is the flash point of JP-8 fuel?
Above 100ºF
Why is special care required for JP-5 and JP-8 fuels?
Because many aircraft use them as a heat sink
What is a potential hazard during pressurized refueling operations?
Leaks in equipment, pipes, and hoses
What can ignite JP-4 fuel vapors?
A very small energy spark, metal tools being dropped on concrete, sparks generated when grounding or bonding equipment, and static electricity
Why is it necessary to have fire-fighting equipment immediately available during refueling operations?
Because the spread of fire is quite rapid
What is the responsibility of the servicing supervisor?
To ensure that all applicable safety precautions and technical order requirements are taken and/or observed prior to, during, and after all servicing operations
What should the servicing supervisor be familiar with?
This technical order and the applicable aircraft technical order(s)
What is the approximate flame temperature in a fuel fire?
2000ºF
What is the primary purpose of verifying the markings on the refueling equipment?
To ensure the correct grade of fuel is supplied to the aircraft
What should be done with non-essential personnel and equipment during fuel servicing operations?
Evacuate them from the area
Why is it important to establish voice contact with the fuel control panel operator during fuel servicing operations?
To ensure safe communication during fuel servicing
What should be done with the Single Point Receptacle (SPR) nozzle during single point servicing?
Properly connect it to the aircraft fueling receptacle
Why is it important to test the strainer quick disconnect locking device during single point servicing?
To ensure positive engagement of the locking device
What should be done if an abnormal condition occurs during fuel servicing?
Implement immediate shut down procedures
What is the fuel servicing safety zone (FSSZ) established for?
To prevent fuel spills and hazards
What should be removed from the fuel servicing safety zone?
Active ignition sources
What is the purpose of the nozzle bonding wire during over-the-wing/open port fuel servicing?
To ensure safe fueling operations
Who is responsible for testing the strainer quick disconnect locking device on aircraft with Refueling Teams?
The team member connecting the refueling receptacle
Why is it important to maintain high standards of cleanliness in the hazardous environment of aircraft ground servicing?
To ensure efficient operation and reduce the risk to personnel
What presents a potential fire or explosion hazard during aircraft servicing?
JP-4 fuel and hydraulic fluids
At what temperature can flammable mixtures be formed by the vapors from JP-4 fuel?
-10ºF
What is the primary concern in safe fuel servicing?
All of the above
What should be done in the event of a spill in a servicing area?
Control the spill in accordance with local directives
What is the term for the temperature at which the concentration of vapors is sufficient to form a flammable mixture?
Flash point
What is not allowed to be activated on an aircraft during servicing operations unless absolutely required?
Radar systems
What is allowed to be performed on adjacent aircraft during servicing operations?
Normal maintenance, including pre/postflight inspections
Who is allowed to remain in the fuel servicing safety zone during servicing operations?
Only those personnel required for the operation
What should not be done within 50 feet of any aircraft or servicing operation?
Smoking
When should servicing operations be terminated?
All of the above
What should not be operated in transmit mode within 300 feet of servicing operations?
Aircraft radar and High Frequency (HF) radios
What can be operated in the transmit mode if the antenna beam is pointed at least ten degrees above the horizon?
Satellite communications (SATCOM) radios
What should be developed by base-level personnel for each base supporting a flying mission?
High wind restrictions
What should happen to servicing operations already underway when a crash/fire occurs at the same airfield?
They should be stopped and fuel-servicing equipment disconnected
Who declares when a crash/fire is under control and servicing operations can resume?
The base Fire Chief or Senior Fire Officer
What should not be used on fires involving munitions, pyrotechnics, or magnesium incendiaries?
All of the above
Why should you not lay down the 150-pound Halon 1211-wheeled fire extinguisher?
To prevent damage from engine exhaust
What is the minimum distribution of Halon 1211 extinguishers that should not be exceeded without approval of the Fire Protection Flight?
One per three aircraft
What is the purpose of the Fire Protection Flight determining the type of extinguisher required?
To ensure compliance with NFPA 10
What is the requirement for aircraft outside of a hangar or shelter with no servicing being conducted?
One Halon 1211 extinguisher per three aircraft
What is the exception to the fire department standby vehicle posturing requirement?
Simulation of refueling
What is the requirement for Concurrent Servicing Operations during Combat Sortie Generation?
Two 150-pound Halon 1211 portable fire extinguishers
What is the fire protection equipment requirement for operations performed in SIMULATED Hardened Aircraft Shelters/Protective Aircraft Shelters (HAS/PAS)?
Same as for outside a hangar or shelter
What is the purpose of relocating the flight line extinguisher outside of the exhaust zone?
To prevent damage from engine exhaust
What is the requirement for fire protection equipment in the event of an IFE or crash warning?
Minimum requirement is one 150-pound Halon 1211 portable fire extinguisher
What type of fire extinguishers should not be used on or near fires involving munitions, pyrotechnics, or magnesium incendiaries?
All of the above
What is the preferred agent for extinguishing fires in oxygen-enriched environments?
CO2
When should the fire protection equipment requirements listed in Table 3-1 be exceeded?
With approval from the Fire Protection Flight
Why should the 150-pound Halon 1211-wheeled fire extinguisher not be laid down?
To prevent tipping or damage from engine exhaust
What is the minimum distribution of Halon 1211 extinguishers required for aircraft outside of a hangar or shelter?
One per three aircraft
What is the fire protection requirement for aircraft being serviced outside of a hangar or shelter with no powered support equipment being operated?
One Halon 1211 extinguisher per aircraft
What is the purpose of the Fire Protection Flight?
To determine the type of extinguisher required for associated hazards
What is the requirement for fire department standby vehicle posturing during the simulation of refueling?
Not required
What is the exception to the fire protection equipment requirements for Concurrent Servicing Operations during Combat Sortie Generation?
Two 150-pound Halon 1211 portable fire extinguishers
What is the fire protection requirement for operations performed in SIMULATED Hardened Aircraft Shelters/Protective Aircraft Shelters (HAS/PAS)?
Same as for operations being conducted outside a hangar or shelter
What is the primary flight line fire extinguisher?
150-pound, Halon 1211 fire extinguisher
When are modular or installed fire suppression equipment employing AFFF required?
During hot refueling operations
What is the purpose of pre-positioning ARFF vehicles along the runway during an emergency landing?
To provide additional fire protection during emergency landing
What is the condition of continuance during Concurrent Servicing Operations (CSO) in Combat Sortie Generation?
There must be an immediate means of recalling the fire department in case of an onsite emergency
What must be stopped immediately during an In-Flight Emergency (IFE)?
All aircraft hot refueling operations
Who is responsible for determining standby posturing requirements and ARFF vehicle standby locations?
The fire chief or SFO
What is the goal of the fire chief during aircraft operations?
To maintain a heightened state of alert for aircraft involved in the listed operations
What is the purpose of having two 150-pound Halon 1211 extinguishers located on each side of the aircraft?
To provide additional fire protection during emergency situations
What is the requirement for fuel servicing personnel during Concurrent Servicing Operations (CSO)?
They must be trained in the use of fire extinguishers
What is the purpose of Table 3-1?
To list various fire protection requirements for Aircraft Rescue and Fire Fighting (ARFF) vehicles
Why should a shield be used when refueling the F-22 with brake temperatures exceeding 750 °F?
To prevent vented fuel from reaching the left main landing gear brake assembly
What should be done if glowing or crackling fuel is noted during aircraft servicing?
Cease all servicing operations and report the incident to the servicing supervisor and fire department
Where should operating external power units be positioned during fuel servicing operations?
Outside the fuel servicing safety zone, at least 50 feet from pressurized fuel carrying servicing components and 25 feet from aircraft fuel vent outlets
Why is bonding of conductive aircraft maintenance or work stands to the aircraft required?
To prevent electrostatic charges from building up during fuel servicing
What should be done if an aircraft fuel tank appears to fill abnormally slow or not at all?
Stop all refueling immediately and investigate to determine the cause of the problem
Why should fuel servicing hoses be routed under aircraft with caution?
To reduce the risk of fuel igniting from running engines or Auxiliary Power Units
What is the purpose of ensuring adequate clearance exists between the aircraft and maintenance stands or equipment?
To prevent damage to the aircraft or maintenance stands during servicing
Why is fire protection essential during aircraft servicing operations?
To protect Air Force assets involved in the event of a fire or fuel leak
What should be done in the event of a fire or fuel leak during servicing operations?
Cease all servicing operations and report the incident to the servicing supervisor and fire department
What is the purpose of monitoring each fuel tank quantity gauge during refueling operations?
To detect any abnormalities in fuel tank filling
What is the purpose of treating any JP-4 fuel spill as flammable?
Because fuel vapors are heavier than air and tend to cling to the ground
Why is special care required for JP-5 and JP-8 fuels?
Because many current Air Force aircraft use them as a heat sink
What can cause a fine spray or mist to be present during pressurized refueling operations?
Leaks in equipment, pipes, and hoses
What is the most common ignition source present during refueling operations?
Hot surfaces above 750ºF
Who is responsible for ensuring that all applicable safety precautions and technical order requirements are taken during servicing operations?
The servicing supervisor
What is the approximate temperature of a flame during a fire?
2000ºF
What is necessary to have immediately available as specified in Table 3-1?
Fire-fighting equipment
What happens if JP-5 and JP-8 fuels are discharged under pressure as a mist or spray?
They will ignite/flash as readily as JP-4
Why is constant vigilance needed during servicing operations?
To eliminate potential ignition sources
What is the term for the minimum concentration of vapor-to-air where flame will occur with an ignition source?
Lower Flammable or Explosive Limit (LFL or LEL)
What is the primary purpose of maintaining high standards of cleanliness in aircraft ground servicing?
To ensure the safety of personnel and prevent accidents
What is the critical factor in safe fuel servicing?
Keeping fuels in controlled areas and avoiding spillage
What should be done in the event of a spill in a servicing area?
Control the spill in accordance with local directives once the aircraft and surrounding area are made safe
At what temperature can flammable mixtures be formed by the vapors from JP-4 fuel?
Above -10ºF
What is the flash point temperature of JP-4 fuel?
-10ºF
Why is it important to keep aircraft parking areas and servicing aprons free of debris and accumulation of oil, hydraulic fluids, grease, or fuel?
To prevent accidents and ensure the safety of personnel
What should not be activated on an aircraft during servicing operations unless absolutely required?
Radar
What should be performed when essential to meet established operational turnaround requirements?
Power off portion of aircrew walkaround inspections
What should not be involved in during servicing operations if parked as prescribed in AFH 32-1084 and intruding into the fuel servicing safety zone?
All of the above
Who may remain on board the aircraft during servicing operations?
Aircrews on commercial contract cargo-only aircraft
Why should smoking be prohibited within 50 feet of any aircraft or servicing operation?
To prevent fuel vapors ignition
When should servicing operations begin?
Only after ensuring safety conditions are met
What should be done when a lightning advisory has been issued indicating an electrical storm is within five nautical miles of the servicing area?
Terminate servicing operations as soon as practical
What should be done when winds reach velocities hazardous to the aircraft or servicing operations?
Terminate servicing operations as soon as practical
What should be done when a fire in the vicinity is generating hot ashes?
Terminate servicing operations as soon as practical
What is the minimum distance required from fuel servicing operations for operating radar and high-frequency radios?
300 feet
What is the primary purpose of verifying the correct grade of fuel being supplied to the aircraft?
To ensure the correct fuel type is used for the aircraft
What should be done if an abnormal condition occurs during fuel servicing operations?
Implement immediate shutdown procedures
What is the purpose of establishing and maintaining voice contact with the control panel operator and/or servicing equipment operator(s)?
To ensure efficient communication during fuel servicing operations
What is the fuel servicing safety zone (FSSZ)?
The area within 50 feet of a pressurized fuel carrying servicing component
What should be done during fuel movement to prevent ignition sources?
Remove and keep active ignition sources out of the FSSZ
Who is responsible for ensuring that the SPR nozzle is properly connected to the aircraft fueling receptacle?
The fuel-servicing supervisor
What should be done before opening the filler cap during over-the-wing fuel servicing operations?
Install the nozzle bonding wire
What is the primary purpose of maintaining communication through the Maintenance Operation Center (MOC) and/or the Command Post?
To notify Fire Protection Agencies in the event of an emergency
What should be done if a personnel is to remain on board the aircraft during fuel servicing operations?
Establish voice contact with the fuel control panel operator
What is the primary purpose of shutting down powered servicing equipment not essential to servicing?
To prevent any potential hazards during fuel servicing operations
What is the primary reason for stopping servicing operations underway in the event of an In-Flight Emergency or crash warning?
To prevent potential ignition sources
What is required for continuance during In-Flight Emergencies?
At least one fully manned aircraft rescue and fire fighting vehicle
Why should personnel touch the aircraft grounding/bonding connector with a warm metal object?
To avoid skin sticking to cold metal surfaces in freezing weather
What type of clothing is prohibited as outer garments when fuel servicing aircraft with low flashpoint fuels?
Clothing containing more than 65% of any combination or mixture of nylon, rayon, wool, or polyester
What is the procedure for flight crew members wearing Nomex and/or other authorized flight clothing to assist in aircraft fuel servicing operations?
They must ensure they are at the same potential as the aircraft by bare hand contact with the aircraft grounding/bonding connector
What devices are allowed to be operated within the FSSZ, but not within 10 feet of aircraft fuel vent outlets?
Laptop computers, digital cameras, and cell phones
What is the maximum brake temperature allowed for fuel servicing to start, except for certain aircraft?
750 ºF
What is the procedure if hot brakes are suspected?
An aircraft hot brake check will be performed prior to fuel servicing
What is required to be immediately available during servicing operations?
An operational fixed, skid mounted, or portable AFFF fire suppression system
Why must new servicing operations not be started without the concurrence of the base Fire Chief or his designated representative?
To prevent potential ignition sources
What is the primary fire extinguisher used on the flight line?
150-pound Halon 1211 extinguisher
What equipment is required for hot refueling operations?
Modular or installed fire suppression equipment employing AFFF
When can new servicing operations be started after an IFE or crash warning has been cancelled?
After the fire chief releases the ARFF vehicles from the emergency scene
What is the purpose of having an ARFF vehicle on standby status?
To maintain a heightened state of alert for aircraft involved in listed operations
Who determines standby posturing requirements and ARFF vehicle standby locations?
The fire chief or SFO
What must be located on each side of the aircraft during Continuation of Servicing Operations?
Two 150-pound Halon 1211 extinguishers
What operations must cease during an IFE or crash warning?
All of the above
What is the primary individual responsible for determining standby posturing requirements?
The fire chief or SFO
What is the purpose of having a means of recalling the fire department in case of an onsite emergency?
To allow for the continuance of servicing operations
What is required for fuel servicing personnel during Continuation of Servicing Operations?
Training in the use of fire extinguishers
What must be investigated if an aircraft fuel tank appears to fill abnormally slow or not at all?
The fuel vent line for blockages
Why are fiberglass ladders or work stands not required to be grounded or bonded?
They are non-conductive materials
What should be done immediately if glowing or crackling fuel is noted during aircraft servicing?
Cease all servicing operations
What is the minimum distance from a pressurized fuel carrying servicing component that active ignition sources should be removed and kept out of?
50 feet
What should be ensured when placing hoses for fuel servicing?
They are routed to minimize damage from other servicing equipment
What is the purpose of monitoring each fuel tank gauge during refueling operations?
To check the fuel flow rate
What is the minimum distance required from the fuel servicing safety zone for operating external power units?
50 feet
What should be done if a fuel leak is detected during servicing operations?
Stop all servicing operations immediately
Why must conductive aircraft maintenance or work stands be bonded to the aircraft?
To prevent electrostatic charges
What is the purpose of ensuring adequate clearance exists between the aircraft and maintenance stands or equipment?
To prevent damage to equipment
Which type of fire extinguisher should not be used on fires involving munitions, pyrotechnics, or magnesium incendiaries?
All of the above
What is the minimum requirement for fire protection during fuel servicing of C-5, E-4, VC-25, and B-747 aircraft?
Two Halon 1211 extinguishers located in the FSSZ
What is the preferred agent for extinguishing fires in oxygen-enriched environments?
Carbon dioxide
Why should the 150-pound Halon 1211-wheeled fire extinguisher not be laid down?
It may not provide sufficient agent to suppress a fire
What is required during loading and offloading operations, engine starts, or other aircraft servicing of cargo aircraft with nuclear weapons aboard?
One ARFF vehicle in standby posture and one Halon 1211 extinguisher in the FSSZ
What is the minimum distribution of Halon 1211 extinguishers required for certain aircraft?
One per three aircraft
What is the purpose of positioning a Halon 1211 extinguisher in the FSSZ during fuel servicing using aircraft APU/GTC without integral fire suppression capability?
To protect both the aircraft and APU/GTC exhaust port area from fire
How long does the stand-by ARFF vehicle need to maintain a response time during taxi, takeoff, and landing?
1 minute
Who determines the type of extinguisher required for associated hazards?
The Fire Protection Flight
What is the purpose of the fire protection requirements listed in Table 3-1?
To ensure personnel safety
Who determines the positioning for optimum response of the stand-by ARFF vehicle?
The Base Fire Chief
What is the minimum requirement for the number of Halon 1211 extinguishers on a cargo aircraft with nuclear weapons aboard?
One
What is the consequence of failing to comply with the fire protection requirements?
Personnel injury or death
What is the exception to the fire department standby vehicle posturing requirement?
Simulation of refueling
What is the requirement for fire protection equipment in SIMULATED Hardened Aircraft Shelters/Protective Aircraft Shelters?
Same as for normal operations
What is the purpose of ensuring the proper fire extinguisher for the class of fire hazard encountered?
To prevent personnel injury or death
What is a primary goal of maintaining high standards of cleanliness in the hazardous environment of aircraft ground servicing?
To reduce the risk of fire or explosion
Why is it important to keep fuels in controlled areas during aircraft servicing?
To reduce the risk of fire or explosion
What is the term for the temperature at which the concentration of vapors is sufficient to form a flammable mixture?
Flash point temperature
What should be done in the event of a spill in a servicing area?
Control the spill in accordance with local directives
Why is it important to keep ignition sources away from designated servicing areas?
To reduce the risk of fire or explosion
What is a critical factor in safe fuel servicing?
All of the above
What is the term for the minimum concentration of vapor-to-air where flame will occur with an ignition source?
Lower Flammable Limit (LFL)
What is the flash point of JP-8 fuel?
+100ºF
Why is special care required for JP-5 and JP-8 fuels?
Because they are used as a heat sink in some aircraft
What can cause a fine spray or mist to be present during pressurized refueling operations?
Leaks in equipment, pipes, and hoses
What is the most common ignition source present during refueling operations?
Hot surfaces above 750ºF
What is the approximate temperature of a flame during a fire?
2000ºF
Who is responsible for ensuring that all applicable safety precautions and technical order requirements are taken during servicing operations?
The servicing supervisor
What is the primary purpose of maintaining high standards of cleanliness in the hazardous environment of aircraft ground servicing?
To prevent the accumulation of fluids or substances on the ground
What should be done in the event of a spill in a servicing area?
Clean up the spill immediately
Why is it necessary to treat any JP-4 fuel spill as being flammable?
Because fuel vapors cling to the ground
What must be verified during fuel servicing operations?
The correct positioning of fire extinguishers
What is the primary purpose of establishing voice contact with the control panel operator and/or servicing equipment operator(s)?
To maintain voice contact during fuel servicing operations
What should be done prior to opening the filler cap during over-the-wing fuel servicing?
Install the nozzle bonding wire
What is the purpose of grounding/bonding during fuel servicing operations?
To prevent electrical arcing
What should be done in the event of an abnormal condition during fuel servicing operations?
Implement immediate shut down procedures
What is the primary concern during fuel servicing operations?
Maintaining safe servicing operations
What is the purpose of connecting the SPR nozzle to the aircraft fueling receptacle?
To ensure the correct grade of fuel being supplied
What is the fuel servicing safety zone (FSSZ)?
The area within 50 feet of a pressurized fuel carrying servicing component
Who is responsible for testing the strainer quick disconnect locking device for positive engagement?
The fuel-servicing supervisor
What should be removed and kept out of the fuel servicing safety zone?
Active ignition sources
What is the primary purpose of restricting personnel movement during servicing operations?
To minimize the risk of accidents and ensure safety
Which aircraft require two Halon 1211 extinguishers per aircraft?
C-5, E-4, VC-25, and B-747
What should be performed when essential to meet established operational turnaround requirements?
Power off portion of aircrew walkaround inspections
Where must the Halon 1211 extinguisher be positioned during fuel servicing?
In the FSSZ
What should not be operated in the transmit mode within 300 feet of servicing operations?
Aircraft radar and High Frequency (HF) radios
What should be terminated if a lightning advisory has been issued indicating an electrical storm is within five nautical miles of the servicing area?
Servicing operations
What is the minimum requirement for fire protection during certain aircraft servicing operations?
One ARFF vehicle
What is required to be in standby posture during taxi, takeoff, and landing?
An ARFF vehicle
What should be pointed at least ten degrees above the horizon when operated in the transmit mode?
Satellite communications (SATCOM) radios antenna
What should be done if an aircraft crash/fire occurs at the same airfield?
Stop servicing operations and disconnect fuel-servicing equipment
Which type of aircraft requires one Halon 1211 extinguisher per aircraft located in the FSSZ?
Cargo aircraft with nuclear weapons
Who determines the positioning of ARFF vehicles?
The Base Fire Chief
What should be observed during servicing operations?
All of the above
What should be performed on adjacent aircraft that intrude into the fuel servicing safety zone?
Normal maintenance, including pre/postflight inspections
What should be developed by base-level personnel for each base supporting a flying mission?
High wind restrictions
What should be coordinated with all affected personnel during servicing operations?
These restrictions
What should be done if any tank appears to fill abnormally slow or not at all during fuel servicing?
Stop all refueling immediately and investigate
Why should operating external power units be parked outside the fuel servicing safety zone?
To minimize the risk of ignition sources
What is the purpose of bonding conductive aircraft maintenance or work stands to the aircraft?
To prevent electrostatic charges
What should be ensured when positioning fuel servicing hoses under the aircraft?
That they are not near running engines and Auxiliary Power Units (APU)
Why is fiberglass considered non-conductive and not required to be grounded or bonded?
Because it is an insulator that does not dissipate or transfer electrostatic charges
What should be done immediately if glowing or crackling fuel is noted during aircraft servicing?
Cease all servicing operations and report the incident
Why is it essential to maintain adequate clearance between aircraft and maintenance stands or equipment?
To prevent accidents and ensure safe operations
What should be monitored during refueling operations on aircraft equipped with individual fuel tank quantity gauges?
Each gauge during the refueling operation
What is the purpose of using MILPRF-32058 or equivalent chocks?
To ensure the aircraft is properly chocked
Why is fire protection essential during aircraft servicing operations?
To prevent fires and protect Air Force assets
What is required to be positioned at the aircraft fuel servicing scene during an In-Flight Emergency?
At least one fully manned aircraft rescue and fire fighting vehicle
What should be done before putting on or removing outer garments in the fuel servicing safety zone?
Touch the aircraft grounding/bonding connector with a warm metal object
Why should personnel avoid wearing clothing with certain fabrics in the fuel servicing safety zone?
Because they may generate static electricity
What should be done if hot brakes are suspected during fuel servicing operations?
Perform an aircraft hot brake check
What devices are allowed to be operated within 10 feet of aircraft fuel vent outlets, open port refueling receptacles, fuel spills, or fuel trucks being filled?
Night vision goggles and intrinsically safe devices
What is the minimum brake temperature required for fuel servicing to start, except for certain aircraft?
750 ºF
What should be stopped in the event of an In-Flight Emergency or crash warning?
Servicing operations already underway
What is required to be obtained before starting new servicing operations after an IFE or crash warning has been cancelled?
All of the above
What should be done if a fuel spill occurs in the fuel servicing safety zone?
Stop fuel servicing operations and follow spill response procedures
What type of fire extinguishers should not be used on fires involving munitions, pyrotechnics, or magnesium incendiaries?
Halon, carbon dioxide, or water
Why is Halon less effective on fires in oxygen-enriched environments?
Because it is not designed for oxygen-enriched environments
What is the purpose of the fire protection equipment requirements?
To ensure the safety of personnel and equipment during aircraft servicing operations
Why should the 150-pound Halon 1211-wheeled fire extinguisher not be laid down?
Because it may not provide sufficient agent to suppress a fire
What is the minimum distribution of Halon 1211 extinguishers that should not be exceeded without approval?
As determined by the Fire Protection Flight
What determines the type of extinguisher required for associated hazards?
NFPA 10
What is the purpose of the fire department standby requirements?
To provide an additional layer of safety during normal day-to-day operations
What is the exception to the fire department standby requirements?
The simulation of refueling
What is the purpose of relocating the extinguisher outside of the exhaust zone?
To prevent damage from engine exhaust
What is the primary purpose of the fire protection equipment requirements?
To ensure the safety of personnel and equipment during aircraft servicing operations
What is the primary flight line fire extinguisher?
150-pound, Halon 1211 fire extinguisher
When are modular or installed fire suppression equipment employing AFFF required?
During hot refueling operations
What is the purpose of having ARFF vehicles on standby during certain aircraft operations?
To provide an additional level of fire protection awareness and standby posturing
What is the condition for continuance of concurrent servicing operations during Combat Sortie Generation?
There must be an immediate means of recalling the fire department in case of an onsite emergency
What is the role of the fire chief or SFO in determining standby posturing requirements?
To determine the standby posturing requirements and ARFF vehicle locations for various aircraft operations
What is the requirement for fire protection during hot refueling operations?
Modular or installed fire suppression equipment employing AFFF must be used
What is the purpose of pre-positioning ARFF vehicles along the runway during an emergency landing?
To respond quickly to an emergency situation
What is the requirement for fuel servicing operations when an ARFF vehicle is released from the emergency scene?
Fuel servicing operations can continue with caution
What is the role of the wing commander or senior local operational commander in determining standby posturing requirements?
To authorize the continuance of concurrent servicing operations during Combat Sortie Generation
What is the requirement for fire protection during concurrent servicing operations during Combat Sortie Generation?
Two 150-pound Halon 1211 extinguishers must be located on either side of the aircraft
Study Notes
General Procedures
- A clean work area is essential for a safer and more efficient operation in aircraft ground servicing.
- High standards of cleanliness must be maintained to prevent the accumulation of oil, hydraulic fluids, grease, or fuel.
- Personnel should not be subjected to increased risk when catching servicing fluids.
Aircraft Fluids and Fuels
- The servicing of aircraft jet fuels, hydraulic fluids, and lubricants presents a potential fire or explosion hazard.
- Flammable mixtures can be formed by the vapors from JP-4 fuel, or from a spray or mist from a pressurized leak.
- The flash point temperature of JP-4 fuel is -10°F, and its flammability limits are 1.3% to 7.0% by volume.
- JP-8 fuel has a higher flash point and is relatively safer to use, with a flash point of +100°F.
- Special care is required for JP-5 and JP-8 fuels, as they can be used as a heat sink in some aircraft.
Refueling
- Pressurized refueling operations present a potential hazard for pressure leaks in equipment, pipes, and hoses.
- Ignition sources must be eliminated to prevent fires, including metal tools being dropped on concrete, sparks generated when grounding or bonding equipment, static electricity, and hot surfaces.
- JP-4 fuel vapors can be ignited by a very small energy spark, while JP-5 and JP-8 fuels require direct contact with an ignition source to ignite.
Hot Surfaces
- Hot surfaces are a common ignition source during refueling operations, including hot brakes, bleed air ducts, hot engines, and APU surfaces.
- Any heated metal object that glows is an ignition source, and fire-fighting equipment must be immediately available.
Servicing Supervisor
- The servicing supervisor is responsible for ensuring that all safety precautions and technical order requirements are taken during fuel servicing operations.
- The supervisor must demonstrate a thorough knowledge of all equipment and systems involved in the servicing operations and be qualified/certified in accordance with command directives.
Fuel Servicing Safety Zone (FSSZ)
- The FSSZ is the area within 50 feet of a pressurized fuel carrying servicing component, and 25 feet around aircraft fuel vent outlets.
- Active ignition sources must be removed from the FSSZ during fuel movement.
- The FSSZ is established and maintained during pressurization and movement of fuel.
The Aircraft Being Serviced
- Non-essential aircraft electrical systems should not be activated during servicing operations unless absolutely required.
- Aircrew members may operate UHF/VHF cockpit radios during servicing.
Adjacent Aircraft
- Aircraft parked in the FSSZ shall not be involved in engine starts or engine trim operations, radiating electromagnetic energy, or using NDI or welding equipment.
- Maintenance, including pre/postflight inspections, may be performed on adjacent aircraft, but no spilled flammable liquids should be present.
Servicing Constraints
- Only personnel required for the operation should remain in the FSSZ during servicing.
- Smoking is not allowed within 50 feet of any aircraft or servicing operation.
- Aircraft radar and HF radios should not be operated in the transmit mode within 300 feet of servicing operations.
Additional Safety Precautions
-
Servicing operations should not begin or continue during certain conditions, such as lightning storms, high winds, fires in the vicinity, or In-Flight Emergencies (IFE).
-
Personnel should not wear footwear with exposed spark-producing nails or metal plates on the walking surfaces.
-
Certain types of clothing should not be worn during fuel servicing operations, and matches or lighters should not be handled or removed from pockets.
-
Laptop computers, pagers, cell phones, and other devices can be operated in the FSSZ, but battery changes or charging operations are not allowed.### Defects and Fire Protection
-
Defects in aircraft servicing operations include defective emergency shutoff switch, shift linkage or gear shift indicator, tank vent valves, air pressure below 90 psi, engine backfires, fuel filter pressure exceeding maximum authorized differential pressure, deadman control valve, and nozzle.
Fire Protection
- Fire protection is essential during aircraft servicing operations, and personnel involved must be trained in the operation of fire extinguishers and installed fire suppression equipment systems.
- In the event of a fire or fuel leak, servicing personnel are the first line of defense in protecting Air Force assets until the fire department arrives.
- Notification of the fire department is critical, and available fire extinguishers or other equipment must be used until they arrive.
Fire Extinguishers
- The 150-pound, Halon 1211 fire extinguisher is the primary flight line fire extinguisher.
- Fire extinguisher requirements are outlined in applicable paragraphs of this technical order and are summarized in Table 3-1.
Installed Fire Suppression Systems and Vehicle Standby
- Certain aircraft servicing operations require a greater level of fire protection awareness and standby posturing, such as hot refueling operations, which require modular or installed fire suppression equipment employing AFFF.
- When such systems are not available, fire protection is provided by standby fire fighting vehicles and crews.
Fire Department Standby Requirements
- Table 3-1 lists various fire protection requirements for Aircraft Rescue and Fire Fighting (ARFF) vehicles.
- During emergency situations, the fire chief or SFO directs standby vehicles to emergencies, and ARFF vehicles are pre-positioned along the runway when an emergency landing is anticipated.
Fire Protection Policy
- Concurrent Servicing Operations (CSO) during Combat Sortie Generation may continue fuel servicing until the present CSO is completed, but no fuel servicing portion of a new CSO may begin unless authorized by the wing commander (or senior local operational commander) until the ARFF vehicle has returned to a standby posture.
- Two 150-pound Halon 1211 extinguishers must be located on each side of the aircraft, and servicing personnel must be trained in their use.
- Maintenance, fuel servicing, and aircrew personnel must exercise extra vigilance during this time period.
- When the fire chief releases the ARFF vehicles from the emergency scene, they will reservice as necessary and return immediately to a standby posture.
Ceasing Operations
- Certain operations must cease during emergency situations, including all aircraft hot refueling operations, concurrent fuel servicing of aircraft with passengers onboard, fuel servicing of medical evacuation flights with passengers/patients onboard, defueling when an aircraft has a fuel leak, is damaged from fire or impact, defueling into open containers or drums, or defueling where safe distance criteria cannot be met or static grounding points are not available.
Fire Chief Determination
- The fire chief or SFO is the primary individual for determining standby posturing requirements and ARFF vehicle standby locations for various aircraft operations.
- The fire chief's goal is to not take away from other critical firefighter duties while still maintaining a heightened state of alert for aircraft involved in the listed operations.
Fire Protection Equipment Requirements
- Table 3-1 summarizes fire protection equipment requirements for various types of operations, including concurrent fuel servicing, aircraft outside of hangar or shelter, alert aircraft, and cargo aircraft with nuclear weapons aboard.
General Procedures
- A clean work area is essential for a safer and more efficient operation in aircraft ground servicing.
- High standards of cleanliness must be maintained to prevent the accumulation of oil, hydraulic fluids, grease, or fuel.
- Personnel should not be subjected to increased risk when catching servicing fluids.
Aircraft Fluids and Fuels
- The servicing of aircraft jet fuels, hydraulic fluids, and lubricants presents a potential fire or explosion hazard.
- Flammable mixtures can be formed by the vapors from JP-4 fuel, or from a spray or mist from a pressurized leak.
- The flash point temperature of JP-4 fuel is -10°F, and its flammability limits are 1.3% to 7.0% by volume.
- JP-8 fuel has a higher flash point and is relatively safer to use, with a flash point of +100°F.
- Special care is required for JP-5 and JP-8 fuels, as they can be used as a heat sink in some aircraft.
Refueling
- Pressurized refueling operations present a potential hazard for pressure leaks in equipment, pipes, and hoses.
- Ignition sources must be eliminated to prevent fires, including metal tools being dropped on concrete, sparks generated when grounding or bonding equipment, static electricity, and hot surfaces.
- JP-4 fuel vapors can be ignited by a very small energy spark, while JP-5 and JP-8 fuels require direct contact with an ignition source to ignite.
Hot Surfaces
- Hot surfaces are a common ignition source during refueling operations, including hot brakes, bleed air ducts, hot engines, and APU surfaces.
- Any heated metal object that glows is an ignition source, and fire-fighting equipment must be immediately available.
Servicing Supervisor
- The servicing supervisor is responsible for ensuring that all safety precautions and technical order requirements are taken during fuel servicing operations.
- The supervisor must demonstrate a thorough knowledge of all equipment and systems involved in the servicing operations and be qualified/certified in accordance with command directives.
Fuel Servicing Safety Zone (FSSZ)
- The FSSZ is the area within 50 feet of a pressurized fuel carrying servicing component, and 25 feet around aircraft fuel vent outlets.
- Active ignition sources must be removed from the FSSZ during fuel movement.
- The FSSZ is established and maintained during pressurization and movement of fuel.
The Aircraft Being Serviced
- Non-essential aircraft electrical systems should not be activated during servicing operations unless absolutely required.
- Aircrew members may operate UHF/VHF cockpit radios during servicing.
Adjacent Aircraft
- Aircraft parked in the FSSZ shall not be involved in engine starts or engine trim operations, radiating electromagnetic energy, or using NDI or welding equipment.
- Maintenance, including pre/postflight inspections, may be performed on adjacent aircraft, but no spilled flammable liquids should be present.
Servicing Constraints
- Only personnel required for the operation should remain in the FSSZ during servicing.
- Smoking is not allowed within 50 feet of any aircraft or servicing operation.
- Aircraft radar and HF radios should not be operated in the transmit mode within 300 feet of servicing operations.
Additional Safety Precautions
-
Servicing operations should not begin or continue during certain conditions, such as lightning storms, high winds, fires in the vicinity, or In-Flight Emergencies (IFE).
-
Personnel should not wear footwear with exposed spark-producing nails or metal plates on the walking surfaces.
-
Certain types of clothing should not be worn during fuel servicing operations, and matches or lighters should not be handled or removed from pockets.
-
Laptop computers, pagers, cell phones, and other devices can be operated in the FSSZ, but battery changes or charging operations are not allowed.### Defects and Fire Protection
-
Defects in aircraft servicing operations include defective emergency shutoff switch, shift linkage or gear shift indicator, tank vent valves, air pressure below 90 psi, engine backfires, fuel filter pressure exceeding maximum authorized differential pressure, deadman control valve, and nozzle.
Fire Protection
- Fire protection is essential during aircraft servicing operations, and personnel involved must be trained in the operation of fire extinguishers and installed fire suppression equipment systems.
- In the event of a fire or fuel leak, servicing personnel are the first line of defense in protecting Air Force assets until the fire department arrives.
- Notification of the fire department is critical, and available fire extinguishers or other equipment must be used until they arrive.
Fire Extinguishers
- The 150-pound, Halon 1211 fire extinguisher is the primary flight line fire extinguisher.
- Fire extinguisher requirements are outlined in applicable paragraphs of this technical order and are summarized in Table 3-1.
Installed Fire Suppression Systems and Vehicle Standby
- Certain aircraft servicing operations require a greater level of fire protection awareness and standby posturing, such as hot refueling operations, which require modular or installed fire suppression equipment employing AFFF.
- When such systems are not available, fire protection is provided by standby fire fighting vehicles and crews.
Fire Department Standby Requirements
- Table 3-1 lists various fire protection requirements for Aircraft Rescue and Fire Fighting (ARFF) vehicles.
- During emergency situations, the fire chief or SFO directs standby vehicles to emergencies, and ARFF vehicles are pre-positioned along the runway when an emergency landing is anticipated.
Fire Protection Policy
- Concurrent Servicing Operations (CSO) during Combat Sortie Generation may continue fuel servicing until the present CSO is completed, but no fuel servicing portion of a new CSO may begin unless authorized by the wing commander (or senior local operational commander) until the ARFF vehicle has returned to a standby posture.
- Two 150-pound Halon 1211 extinguishers must be located on each side of the aircraft, and servicing personnel must be trained in their use.
- Maintenance, fuel servicing, and aircrew personnel must exercise extra vigilance during this time period.
- When the fire chief releases the ARFF vehicles from the emergency scene, they will reservice as necessary and return immediately to a standby posture.
Ceasing Operations
- Certain operations must cease during emergency situations, including all aircraft hot refueling operations, concurrent fuel servicing of aircraft with passengers onboard, fuel servicing of medical evacuation flights with passengers/patients onboard, defueling when an aircraft has a fuel leak, is damaged from fire or impact, defueling into open containers or drums, or defueling where safe distance criteria cannot be met or static grounding points are not available.
Fire Chief Determination
- The fire chief or SFO is the primary individual for determining standby posturing requirements and ARFF vehicle standby locations for various aircraft operations.
- The fire chief's goal is to not take away from other critical firefighter duties while still maintaining a heightened state of alert for aircraft involved in the listed operations.
Fire Protection Equipment Requirements
- Table 3-1 summarizes fire protection equipment requirements for various types of operations, including concurrent fuel servicing, aircraft outside of hangar or shelter, alert aircraft, and cargo aircraft with nuclear weapons aboard.
General Procedures
- A clean work area is essential for a safer and more efficient operation in aircraft ground servicing.
- High standards of cleanliness must be maintained to prevent the accumulation of oil, hydraulic fluids, grease, or fuel.
- Personnel should not be subjected to increased risk when catching servicing fluids.
Aircraft Fluids and Fuels
- The servicing of aircraft jet fuels, hydraulic fluids, and lubricants presents a potential fire or explosion hazard.
- Flammable mixtures can be formed by the vapors from JP-4 fuel, or from a spray or mist from a pressurized leak.
- The flash point temperature of JP-4 fuel is -10°F, and its flammability limits are 1.3% to 7.0% by volume.
- JP-8 fuel has a higher flash point and is relatively safer to use, with a flash point of +100°F.
- Special care is required for JP-5 and JP-8 fuels, as they can be used as a heat sink in some aircraft.
Refueling
- Pressurized refueling operations present a potential hazard for pressure leaks in equipment, pipes, and hoses.
- Ignition sources must be eliminated to prevent fires, including metal tools being dropped on concrete, sparks generated when grounding or bonding equipment, static electricity, and hot surfaces.
- JP-4 fuel vapors can be ignited by a very small energy spark, while JP-5 and JP-8 fuels require direct contact with an ignition source to ignite.
Hot Surfaces
- Hot surfaces are a common ignition source during refueling operations, including hot brakes, bleed air ducts, hot engines, and APU surfaces.
- Any heated metal object that glows is an ignition source, and fire-fighting equipment must be immediately available.
Servicing Supervisor
- The servicing supervisor is responsible for ensuring that all safety precautions and technical order requirements are taken during fuel servicing operations.
- The supervisor must demonstrate a thorough knowledge of all equipment and systems involved in the servicing operations and be qualified/certified in accordance with command directives.
Fuel Servicing Safety Zone (FSSZ)
- The FSSZ is the area within 50 feet of a pressurized fuel carrying servicing component, and 25 feet around aircraft fuel vent outlets.
- Active ignition sources must be removed from the FSSZ during fuel movement.
- The FSSZ is established and maintained during pressurization and movement of fuel.
The Aircraft Being Serviced
- Non-essential aircraft electrical systems should not be activated during servicing operations unless absolutely required.
- Aircrew members may operate UHF/VHF cockpit radios during servicing.
Adjacent Aircraft
- Aircraft parked in the FSSZ shall not be involved in engine starts or engine trim operations, radiating electromagnetic energy, or using NDI or welding equipment.
- Maintenance, including pre/postflight inspections, may be performed on adjacent aircraft, but no spilled flammable liquids should be present.
Servicing Constraints
- Only personnel required for the operation should remain in the FSSZ during servicing.
- Smoking is not allowed within 50 feet of any aircraft or servicing operation.
- Aircraft radar and HF radios should not be operated in the transmit mode within 300 feet of servicing operations.
Additional Safety Precautions
-
Servicing operations should not begin or continue during certain conditions, such as lightning storms, high winds, fires in the vicinity, or In-Flight Emergencies (IFE).
-
Personnel should not wear footwear with exposed spark-producing nails or metal plates on the walking surfaces.
-
Certain types of clothing should not be worn during fuel servicing operations, and matches or lighters should not be handled or removed from pockets.
-
Laptop computers, pagers, cell phones, and other devices can be operated in the FSSZ, but battery changes or charging operations are not allowed.### Defects and Fire Protection
-
Defects in aircraft servicing operations include defective emergency shutoff switch, shift linkage or gear shift indicator, tank vent valves, air pressure below 90 psi, engine backfires, fuel filter pressure exceeding maximum authorized differential pressure, deadman control valve, and nozzle.
Fire Protection
- Fire protection is essential during aircraft servicing operations, and personnel involved must be trained in the operation of fire extinguishers and installed fire suppression equipment systems.
- In the event of a fire or fuel leak, servicing personnel are the first line of defense in protecting Air Force assets until the fire department arrives.
- Notification of the fire department is critical, and available fire extinguishers or other equipment must be used until they arrive.
Fire Extinguishers
- The 150-pound, Halon 1211 fire extinguisher is the primary flight line fire extinguisher.
- Fire extinguisher requirements are outlined in applicable paragraphs of this technical order and are summarized in Table 3-1.
Installed Fire Suppression Systems and Vehicle Standby
- Certain aircraft servicing operations require a greater level of fire protection awareness and standby posturing, such as hot refueling operations, which require modular or installed fire suppression equipment employing AFFF.
- When such systems are not available, fire protection is provided by standby fire fighting vehicles and crews.
Fire Department Standby Requirements
- Table 3-1 lists various fire protection requirements for Aircraft Rescue and Fire Fighting (ARFF) vehicles.
- During emergency situations, the fire chief or SFO directs standby vehicles to emergencies, and ARFF vehicles are pre-positioned along the runway when an emergency landing is anticipated.
Fire Protection Policy
- Concurrent Servicing Operations (CSO) during Combat Sortie Generation may continue fuel servicing until the present CSO is completed, but no fuel servicing portion of a new CSO may begin unless authorized by the wing commander (or senior local operational commander) until the ARFF vehicle has returned to a standby posture.
- Two 150-pound Halon 1211 extinguishers must be located on each side of the aircraft, and servicing personnel must be trained in their use.
- Maintenance, fuel servicing, and aircrew personnel must exercise extra vigilance during this time period.
- When the fire chief releases the ARFF vehicles from the emergency scene, they will reservice as necessary and return immediately to a standby posture.
Ceasing Operations
- Certain operations must cease during emergency situations, including all aircraft hot refueling operations, concurrent fuel servicing of aircraft with passengers onboard, fuel servicing of medical evacuation flights with passengers/patients onboard, defueling when an aircraft has a fuel leak, is damaged from fire or impact, defueling into open containers or drums, or defueling where safe distance criteria cannot be met or static grounding points are not available.
Fire Chief Determination
- The fire chief or SFO is the primary individual for determining standby posturing requirements and ARFF vehicle standby locations for various aircraft operations.
- The fire chief's goal is to not take away from other critical firefighter duties while still maintaining a heightened state of alert for aircraft involved in the listed operations.
Fire Protection Equipment Requirements
- Table 3-1 summarizes fire protection equipment requirements for various types of operations, including concurrent fuel servicing, aircraft outside of hangar or shelter, alert aircraft, and cargo aircraft with nuclear weapons aboard.
This quiz covers the importance of maintaining a clean and safe work area for aircraft ground servicing, including standards for cleanliness and personnel safety.
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