Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the approximate number of people who die from tuberculosis every week?
What is the approximate number of people who die from tuberculosis every week?
- 5,000
- 35,000 (correct)
- 15,000
- 50,000
What percentage of tuberculosis cases involve the central nervous system, lymphatic system, genitourinary systems, bones, and joints?
What percentage of tuberculosis cases involve the central nervous system, lymphatic system, genitourinary systems, bones, and joints?
- 15% (correct)
- 5%
- 10%
- 20%
What is the primary way that M. tuberculosis is transmitted?
What is the primary way that M. tuberculosis is transmitted?
- Direct contact with an infected person
- Through contaminated food and water
- Through insect vectors
- Through the air, via aerosol droplets (correct)
What is the outcome of TB infection in individuals with a healthy immune response?
What is the outcome of TB infection in individuals with a healthy immune response?
What is the name of the bacteria that causes tuberculosis?
What is the name of the bacteria that causes tuberculosis?
What is the primary risk factor for developing tuberculosis?
What is the primary risk factor for developing tuberculosis?
What is the result of a granuloma failing to contain bacteria?
What is the result of a granuloma failing to contain bacteria?
What is the annual dose of BCG vaccine administered globally?
What is the annual dose of BCG vaccine administered globally?
What is the purpose of adding antibiotics or malachite green to the medium in Lowenstein-Jensen culture?
What is the purpose of adding antibiotics or malachite green to the medium in Lowenstein-Jensen culture?
What is the goal of preventive vaccination in TB control?
What is the goal of preventive vaccination in TB control?
What is the duration of first-line oral anti-TB drugs treatment for new and previously untreated cases?
What is the duration of first-line oral anti-TB drugs treatment for new and previously untreated cases?
What is the role of the immune response in TB transmission?
What is the role of the immune response in TB transmission?
What is the definition of XDR-TB?
What is the definition of XDR-TB?
What is the number of potentially active drugs required for MDR-TB treatment?
What is the number of potentially active drugs required for MDR-TB treatment?
What is the function of radiology in TB diagnosis?
What is the function of radiology in TB diagnosis?
What is the effect of steroids on sputum clearance in TB patients?
What is the effect of steroids on sputum clearance in TB patients?
What is the purpose of the first-line oral anti-TB drug pyrazinamide?
What is the purpose of the first-line oral anti-TB drug pyrazinamide?
What is the name of the vaccine derived from M. bovis?
What is the name of the vaccine derived from M. bovis?
What is the name of the new drug used to treat MDR-TB?
What is the name of the new drug used to treat MDR-TB?
What is the percentage of MDR/RR-TB in new TB cases?
What is the percentage of MDR/RR-TB in new TB cases?
What is the duration required for culturing M. tuberculosis on Lowenstein-Jensen medium?
What is the duration required for culturing M. tuberculosis on Lowenstein-Jensen medium?
What percentage of infected individuals do not develop clinical disease?
What percentage of infected individuals do not develop clinical disease?
How often are the recommendations for DR TB treatment updated?
How often are the recommendations for DR TB treatment updated?
What is the primary antibiotic used to treat leprosy?
What is the primary antibiotic used to treat leprosy?
What is unique about the transmission of leprosy?
What is unique about the transmission of leprosy?
What is the characteristic of the host response in tuberculoid leprosy?
What is the characteristic of the host response in tuberculoid leprosy?
What is the effect of poor host resistance in lepromatous leprosy?
What is the effect of poor host resistance in lepromatous leprosy?
What is the current treatment approach for lepromatous leprosy?
What is the current treatment approach for lepromatous leprosy?
What is the significance of the 9-banded armadillo in leprosy research?
What is the significance of the 9-banded armadillo in leprosy research?
What is the effect of leprosy on the nervous system?
What is the effect of leprosy on the nervous system?
What is the primary characteristic of mycobacteria that distinguishes them from other bacteria?
What is the primary characteristic of mycobacteria that distinguishes them from other bacteria?
What is the main difference between fast and slow growers in mycobacteria?
What is the main difference between fast and slow growers in mycobacteria?
Which of the following mycobacteria is a pathogen of fish and frogs?
Which of the following mycobacteria is a pathogen of fish and frogs?
What is the purpose of the Ziehl Neelson stain in mycobacteria identification?
What is the purpose of the Ziehl Neelson stain in mycobacteria identification?
What is the primary mode of transmission of M.tuberculosis?
What is the primary mode of transmission of M.tuberculosis?
What is the primary characteristic of M.leprae?
What is the primary characteristic of M.leprae?
Which of the following mycobacteria is closely related to M.tuberculosis?
Which of the following mycobacteria is closely related to M.tuberculosis?
What is the primary limitation of vaccination as a control strategy for mycobacterial diseases?
What is the primary limitation of vaccination as a control strategy for mycobacterial diseases?
Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare-scofulaceum complex is an animal pathogen and opportunist of humans.
Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare-scofulaceum complex is an animal pathogen and opportunist of humans.
All mycobacteria are slow growers.
All mycobacteria are slow growers.
Mycobacterium ulcerans causes Buruli ulcer in humans.
Mycobacterium ulcerans causes Buruli ulcer in humans.
Ziehl Neelson stain is used to identify all types of bacteria.
Ziehl Neelson stain is used to identify all types of bacteria.
Mycobacterium marinum causes disease in fish and frogs.
Mycobacterium marinum causes disease in fish and frogs.
Mycobacterium bovis is not related to M. tuberculosis.
Mycobacterium bovis is not related to M. tuberculosis.
All saprophytic mycobacteria are fast growers.
All saprophytic mycobacteria are fast growers.
Mycobacterium leprae is not a human pathogen.
Mycobacterium leprae is not a human pathogen.
The bacteria M.paratuberculosis is a human pathogen.
The bacteria M.paratuberculosis is a human pathogen.
Two billion people are infected with HIV.
Two billion people are infected with HIV.
Tuberculosis is a disease of wealth.
Tuberculosis is a disease of wealth.
In most cases, tuberculosis is a pulmonary infection that spreads to other parts of the body.
In most cases, tuberculosis is a pulmonary infection that spreads to other parts of the body.
The bacteria M.ulcerans is a pathogen of fish and frogs.
The bacteria M.ulcerans is a pathogen of fish and frogs.
The outcome of TB infection is always death.
The outcome of TB infection is always death.
The immune response is required for transmission of TB
The immune response is required for transmission of TB
The granulomatous response always contains bacteria
The granulomatous response always contains bacteria
Tuberculosis can only be diagnosed through radiology
Tuberculosis can only be diagnosed through radiology
The primary goal of antibiotic treatment in TB is to prevent transmission
The primary goal of antibiotic treatment in TB is to prevent transmission
The BCG vaccine is derived from M. tuberculosis
The BCG vaccine is derived from M. tuberculosis
Steroids decrease the rate of sputum clearance in TB patients
Steroids decrease the rate of sputum clearance in TB patients
Granuloma always remains walled off for years to decades
Granuloma always remains walled off for years to decades
The clinical syndrome of TB only requires a partially intact immune response
The clinical syndrome of TB only requires a partially intact immune response
The BCG vaccine has been proven to be 100% effective in preventing tuberculosis in humans.
The BCG vaccine has been proven to be 100% effective in preventing tuberculosis in humans.
The first-line oral anti-TB drugs are given to previously treated cases for 6 months.
The first-line oral anti-TB drugs are given to previously treated cases for 6 months.
XDR-TB is resistant to at least rifampicin and isoniazid, but not to fluoroquinolone.
XDR-TB is resistant to at least rifampicin and isoniazid, but not to fluoroquinolone.
The treatment regimen for MDR-TB requires at least 3 potentially active drugs.
The treatment regimen for MDR-TB requires at least 3 potentially active drugs.
The World Health Organization updates the recommendations for DR TB treatment every 5 years.
The World Health Organization updates the recommendations for DR TB treatment every 5 years.
Bedaquiline is a repurposed drug used to treat MDR-TB.
Bedaquiline is a repurposed drug used to treat MDR-TB.
The BCG vaccine is derived from M. tuberculosis.
The BCG vaccine is derived from M. tuberculosis.
Multi-drug treatment is required for tuberculosis because of the bacteria's ability to mutate and develop resistance.
Multi-drug treatment is required for tuberculosis because of the bacteria's ability to mutate and develop resistance.
Globally, the success rate in treating MDR TB is more than 70%.
Globally, the success rate in treating MDR TB is more than 70%.
Leprosy is always limited to the tropics.
Leprosy is always limited to the tropics.
The bacteria Mycobacterium leprae can be grown in cell cultures.
The bacteria Mycobacterium leprae can be grown in cell cultures.
Dapsone is no longer used to treat leprosy due to its high resistance.
Dapsone is no longer used to treat leprosy due to its high resistance.
The host response in lepromatous leprosy is characterized by a strong cellular immune response.
The host response in lepromatous leprosy is characterized by a strong cellular immune response.
Leprosy disease can be spread through epidemic fashion.
Leprosy disease can be spread through epidemic fashion.
BCG vaccine is not effective in treating leprosy.
BCG vaccine is not effective in treating leprosy.
The primary characteristic of leprosy is the formation of tuberculoid granulomas.
The primary characteristic of leprosy is the formation of tuberculoid granulomas.
Study Notes
Tuberculosis (TB)
- Global emergency: 35,000 deaths per week, 2 billion people infected, high incidence in HIV-infected individuals
- Disease of poverty
- Clinical manifestations:
- General: fever, weight loss, weakness, persistent cough
- Pulmonary infection: impairment of lung tissue, may spread to other parts of the body
- Other affected areas: central nervous system, lymphatic system, genitourinary system, bones and joints, disseminated (miliary TB)
Transmission, Protection, and Pathogenesis
- Aerosol travels to alveoli of lungs, engulfed by alveolar macrophages
- Host immune response:
- Activated: clears or contains bacteria
- Unactivated: bacteria survive and replicate in macrophages, attract immune cells, damage tissue, and form granulomatous tubercle
- Outcome of TB infection:
- Containment or clearance
- Disease progression
- Transmission
Mycobacteria
- Unicellular, branched rods, Gram-positive, complex cell wall with sugars, proteins, and lipids
- Acid-fast staining with Ziehl-Neelsen stain
- Grouping:
- Fast growers (1-2 days): M. phlei, M. smegmatis
- Slow growers (several weeks): M. tuberculosis, M. bovis, M. avium-intracellulare-scofulaceum complex
TB Control and Treatment
- Diagnosis:
- Radiology
- Microscopy of sputum for acid-fast rods
- Culture of sputum samples
- PCR
- Immunological – T-cell response to TB antigens
- Vaccination:
- Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) – derived from M. bovis, avirulent, safe, inexpensive, and effective in experimental models
- Debated effectiveness in humans
- Antibiotic treatment:
- First-line oral anti-TB drugs: isoniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol, pyrazinamide
- Multi-drug treatment required due to resistance
AMR and Tuberculosis
- MDR-TB: resistant to at least rifampicin and isoniazid
- XDR-TB: resistant to rifampicin, isoniazid, any fluoroquinolone, and at least one of the three injectable second-line drugs
- Treatment regimen for MDR-TB: at least 4 potentially active drugs
- New drugs: bedaquiline, delamanid, linezolid
- Repurposed drugs: late-generation fluoroquinolone, injectable aminoglycoside, first-line drug with known susceptibility
Leprosy
- Causative agent: Mycobacterium leprae
- Non-cultivatable, but grows in 9-banded armadillos and mouse footpads
- Intracellular parasite, grows in macrophages and other cells
- Transmission unknown, but not epidemic
- Disease manifestations:
- Tuberculoid: few bacilli, mild disease, strong cellular immune response
- Lepromatous: severe disease, massive bacilli, poor cellular immune response
- Control of leprosy: vaccination with BCG, multidrug therapy with dapsone, clofazamine, and rifampicin
Tuberculosis (TB)
- Global emergency: 35,000 deaths per week, 2 billion people infected, high incidence in HIV-infected individuals
- Disease of poverty
- Clinical manifestations:
- General: fever, weight loss, weakness, persistent cough
- Pulmonary infection: impairment of lung tissue, may spread to other parts of the body
- Other affected areas: central nervous system, lymphatic system, genitourinary system, bones and joints, disseminated (miliary TB)
Transmission, Protection, and Pathogenesis
- Aerosol travels to alveoli of lungs, engulfed by alveolar macrophages
- Host immune response:
- Activated: clears or contains bacteria
- Unactivated: bacteria survive and replicate in macrophages, attract immune cells, damage tissue, and form granulomatous tubercle
- Outcome of TB infection:
- Containment or clearance
- Disease progression
- Transmission
Mycobacteria
- Unicellular, branched rods, Gram-positive, complex cell wall with sugars, proteins, and lipids
- Acid-fast staining with Ziehl-Neelsen stain
- Grouping:
- Fast growers (1-2 days): M. phlei, M. smegmatis
- Slow growers (several weeks): M. tuberculosis, M. bovis, M. avium-intracellulare-scofulaceum complex
TB Control and Treatment
- Diagnosis:
- Radiology
- Microscopy of sputum for acid-fast rods
- Culture of sputum samples
- PCR
- Immunological – T-cell response to TB antigens
- Vaccination:
- Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) – derived from M. bovis, avirulent, safe, inexpensive, and effective in experimental models
- Debated effectiveness in humans
- Antibiotic treatment:
- First-line oral anti-TB drugs: isoniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol, pyrazinamide
- Multi-drug treatment required due to resistance
AMR and Tuberculosis
- MDR-TB: resistant to at least rifampicin and isoniazid
- XDR-TB: resistant to rifampicin, isoniazid, any fluoroquinolone, and at least one of the three injectable second-line drugs
- Treatment regimen for MDR-TB: at least 4 potentially active drugs
- New drugs: bedaquiline, delamanid, linezolid
- Repurposed drugs: late-generation fluoroquinolone, injectable aminoglycoside, first-line drug with known susceptibility
Leprosy
- Causative agent: Mycobacterium leprae
- Non-cultivatable, but grows in 9-banded armadillos and mouse footpads
- Intracellular parasite, grows in macrophages and other cells
- Transmission unknown, but not epidemic
- Disease manifestations:
- Tuberculoid: few bacilli, mild disease, strong cellular immune response
- Lepromatous: severe disease, massive bacilli, poor cellular immune response
- Control of leprosy: vaccination with BCG, multidrug therapy with dapsone, clofazamine, and rifampicin
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Description
Learn about the global impact of Tuberculosis, its symptoms, and affected areas of the body. Discover how it spreads and ways to protect yourself.
