Tuberculosis Overview and Control

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of the illness described?

Loss of taste or smell

Dry cough

Joint pain (correct)

Fever 38 C

What is the first step in establishing control measures for patients with COVID-19?

Assign specific areas for triage (correct)

Admitting all symptomatic patients

Screening for contact with confirmed cases

Isolation of all patients in the facility

Which diagnostic test is primarily used for confirming COVID-19 infection?

Chest CT scan

PCR test (correct)

IgM/IgG combo test

CBC

What is one of the primary goals of infection control in nursing care?

Detect early suspect cases Signup and view all the answers

What criteria is NOT considered in priority setting for health concerns?

Public image of the healthcare facility Signup and view all the answers

Which method is essential for protecting health personnel from infection?

Utilization of personal protective equipment (PPE) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following options directly relates to community effectiveness in planning health interventions?

Community motivation to deal with conditions Signup and view all the answers

Which of these measures is part of monitoring close contacts in a health intervention?

Tracing and monitoring all close contacts Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary benefit of effective partnerships in community health initiatives?

They help in optimizing the development of resources. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary aim of health advocacy?

To bridge gaps in healthcare systems for equitable access. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an objective of community organizing?

To form structures that only benefit leaders. Signup and view all the answers

Which element of community organizing focuses on accountability within the group?

Relationship building Signup and view all the answers

What role does power play in community organizing?

It enables communities to enact concrete changes. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the Human Resource Development Program (HRDP)?

It is a continuous process aimed at community mobilization. Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary outcome of fostering multi-sector collaboration in health initiatives?

Enhanced communication and coordination in healthcare delivery. Signup and view all the answers

Community organizing primarily aims to assess which of the following?

Health needs and problems of community members. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method of data collection in a community when prior information is lacking?

Surveys Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a focus group?

A small discussion group typically consisting of 6-12 members Signup and view all the answers

Who are considered key informants in an informant interview?

Local community leaders and influential individuals Signup and view all the answers

What established the civil registry system in the Philippines?

Act 3753 Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the FHSIS as stated in the content?

To serve as the Department of Health's recording system for health statistics Signup and view all the answers

Which legislative act transferred the functions of civil registration to local governments in the Philippines?

RA 7160 Signup and view all the answers

What type of data is derived from vital registries and health reports?

Secondary data Signup and view all the answers

How do participant observations contribute to community organizing?

By allowing observation of interactions and conditions in real-time Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a SMART goal?

Optimistic Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal for the community of barangay bagong silang?

Reduce maternal mortality rate Signup and view all the answers

What should the planning team consider when analyzing health behaviors?

Demographic and cultural characteristics Signup and view all the answers

What is the action phase of community health interventions referred to as?

Implementation Signup and view all the answers

Why is partnership and collaboration important in community health?

To increase chances of achieving set goals Signup and view all the answers

Which objective aims to increase the proportion of facility-based births?

Increase from 10% to 15% Signup and view all the answers

What method may the planning team use if sociocultural factors are influencing health behaviors?

Skills development for traditional birth attendants Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a target for reducing maternal complications?

Reduce the prevalence of nutritionally at risk pregnant women Signup and view all the answers

Which form of tuberculosis transmission involves airborne droplets?

Airborne droplet Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary nursing responsibilities for a child diagnosed with tuberculosis?

Manage drug requisition and distribution Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of schistosomiasis?

Hemoptysis Signup and view all the answers

What is a common method of transmission for schistosomiasis?

Contact with contaminated fresh water Signup and view all the answers

What is the initial stage of filariasis characterized by?

Presence of microfilariae in blood Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following practices can help in the control of filariasis?

Environmental sanitation and insecticide spraying Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is characteristic of influenza?

Aches or pains in back and limbs Signup and view all the answers

What should be included in the nursing care for patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)?

Implementing appropriate isolation measures Signup and view all the answers

What is a common preventive measure for COVID-19?

Wearing personal protective equipment Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a treatment option for pneumonia?

Intake of antibiotics and proper nutrition Signup and view all the answers

Which infectious agent causes tuberculosis?

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant sign of acute filariasis?

Lymphadenitis/lympangitis Signup and view all the answers

What is an effective method of controlling schistosomiasis transmission?

Public education on transmission mode Signup and view all the answers

What is a common mode of transmission for pneumonia?

Airborne particles and direct contact Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Tuberculosis

Infectious agent: Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
Mode of transmission: Airborne droplets, direct invasion, bovine tuberculosis
Susceptibility and resistance:
- First 6-12 months after infection
- Children under 3 years old
- HIV infection
Signs and symptoms:
- Cough for two weeks or more
- Fever
- Chest or back pain not related to musculo-skeletal disorders
- Hemoptysis or recurrent blood-streaked sputum
- Significant weight loss
- Sweating, fatigue, body malaise, and shortness of breath
Methods of control:
- Prompt diagnosis and treatment of infectious cases
- BCG vaccination of newborns, infants, and grade 1 students
- Educate the public on the mode of spread
- Improve social conditions
- Make medical, laboratory, and x-ray services available
Treatment:
- Anti-TB drugs (Isoniazid, Rifampicin, Pyrazinamide, and ethambutol)
Nursing responsibilities:
- Interview and open treatment cards for identified tuberculous children
- Perform tuberculin testing
- Maintain NTP records
- Manage requisition and distribution of drugs

Schistosomiasis

Infectious agent: Schistosoma japonicum, Schistosoma mansoni, Schistosoma haematobium
Mode of transmission: Skin contact with contaminated fresh water containing snails carrying schistosomes
Susceptibility and resistance: Mostly farmers and their families in rural areas
Signs and symptoms:
- Diarrhea
- Bloody stools
- Enlarged abdomen
- Splenomegaly
- Weakness
- Anemia
- Inflamed liver
Methods of control:
- Educate the public in endemic areas about mode of transmission and protection methods
- Dispose of feces and urine properly to prevent viable eggs from reaching freshwater
- Improve irrigation and agriculture practices
- Treat snail breeding sites with molluscicides
- Use rubber boots
- Treat patients in endemic areas to prevent disease progression

Filariosis

Infectious agent: Wuchereria Bancroft, Brugia Malayi, or Brugia timori
Mode of transmission: Bite of an infected female mosquito (primarily Aedes poecilius)
Signs and symptoms:
- Asymptomatic stage characterized by microfilariae in peripheral blood
- Acute stage: manifestation of lymphadenitis/lymphangitis, orchitis
- Chronic stage (10-15 years): Hydrocele, lymphedema, and elephantiasis
- Chest or back pain not related to musculo-skeletal disorders
Methods of control:
- Environmental sanitation
- Spraying insecticides
- Use of mosquito nets
- Wear long sleeves, pants, and socks
- Apply insect repellents / screen houses
Treatment:
- Treatment of cases in endemic communities
- Diethylcarbamazine citrate (DEC) or Hetrazan
- Surgery for elephantiasis and hydrocele
Nursing responsibilities:
- Advise patients to observe personal hygiene by washing affected areas twice a day
- Prescribe antibiotics or antifungals for infection
- Provide health education

Influenza

Infectious agent: Influenza virus A, B, C
Mode of transmission:
- Direct contact
- Droplet infection
- Freshly soiled particles from nose and throat of infected person
- Airborne
Susceptibility and resistance: Universal, varying degrees of infection during epidemics
Signs and symptoms:
- Chills
- Aches or pains in back and limbs
- Respiratory symptoms: coryza, sore throat, cough
Methods of control/Treatment:
- Educate public on sanitary hazards of spitting, sneezing, and coughing
- Avoid sharing towels, glasses, and eating utensils
- Active immunization with influenza vaccine
Nursing responsibilities:
- Keep patient warm and free from drafts in bed
- Tepid sponge bath for fever
- Provide health teaching for proper waste disposal

Pneumonia

Infectious agent: Pneumococcus/Diplococcus pneumonia
Predisposing causes:
- Fatigue
- Overexposure to inclement weather
- Exposure to polluted air
- Malnutrition
Signs and symptoms:
- Convulsions may occur
- Flushed face
- Dilated pupils
- Severe chills in young children
- Pain in affected lung
- High-colored urine with reduced chlorides and increased urates
Diagnosis:
- Based on history and clinical signs and symptoms
- Dull percussion noted on affected side (lung)
- X-ray
Complications:
- Emphysema or pleural effusion
- Endocarditis or pericarditis with effusion
- Pneumococcal meningitis
- Otitis Media in children
- Hypostatic edema and hyperemia of unaffected lung (in elderly)
- Jaundice
- Abortion
Treatment/Management:
- Bed rest
- Adequate salt, fluid, calorie, and vitamin intake
- Tepid sponge for fever
- Frequent turning from side to side
- Antibiotics based on care acute respiratory infection (CARI) of DOH

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)

Infectious agent: Novel human coronavirus
Mode of transmission: Respiratory droplet secretions from SARS patient coughs, sneezes, or talks
Signs and symptoms:
- Fever 38°C
- Diarrhea
- Dry, nonproductive cough with or without respiratory distress (2-7 days after illness onset)
- Hypoxia
- Crackles or rales
- Dullness on percussion and decreased breath sounds
Diagnosis: Serological and molecular tests, PCR test
Preventive measures and control:
- Establishment of TRIAGE
- Assign specific area for triage of patients who have SARS
- Patient wears mask
- Screen patients for travel history, symptoms, or close contact cases
- Admit if they meet case definition
- Patient identification
- Isolation of suspected probable case
- Tracing and monitoring close contacts
- Barrier nursing technique for suspected and probable cases
Nursing care:
- Infection control goals:
  - Provide best possible clinical care
  - Detect early suspect cases
  - Implement appropriate isolation measures
  - Protect health personnel
  - Protect other patients
  - Protect family and community members
- Utilize personal protective equipment (PPE)
- Handwashing

COVID-19

Infectious agent: Coronavirus
Mode of transmission: Respiratory droplet secretions from COVID-19 patient coughs, sneezes, or talks
Signs and symptoms:
- Fever 38 °C
- Dry cough
- Tiredness
- Diarrhea
- Sore throat
- Headache
- Conjunctivitis
- Loss of taste or smell
Diagnosis:
- Chest x-ray
- PCR test
- Serological and molecular tests
- Chest CT scan
- IgM/IgG combo test
- CBC
Preventive measures and control:
- Establishment of TRIAGE
- Assign specific area for triage of patients who have COVID-19
- Patient wears mask
- Screen patients for travel history, symptoms, or close contact cases
- Admit if they meet case definition
- Patient identification
- Isolation of suspected probable case
- Tracing and monitoring close contacts
- Barrier nursing technique for suspected and probable cases
Nursing care:
- Infection control goals:
  - Provide best possible clinical care
  - Detect early suspect cases
  - Implement appropriate isolation measures
  - Protect health personnel
  - Protect other patients
  - Protect family and community members
- Utilize personal protective equipment (PPE)
- Handwashing

Planning Community Health Intervention

Planning is a logical process of decision-making for prioritizing health concerns
Criteria for priority setting:
- Significance of the problem: Number of people affected
- Level of community awareness: Importance attributed to the health concern
- Ability to reduce risk: Availability of expertise and influence of the health team
- Determining the cost of reducing risk: Economic, social, and ethical considerations
- Ability to identify the target population: Access to data resources
- SMART goals:
  - Specific: Clear and well-defined
  - Measurable: Quantifiable results
  - Achievable: Realistic and attainable
  - Relevant: Aligns with overall objectives
  - Time-Bound: Set deadlines
Sample and objectives of a community health plan:
- Problem: Risk of maternal complications leading to maternal mortality
- Goal: Reduce maternal mortality rate
- Objectives:
  - Demonstrate community participation in the health process
  - Increase the proportion of facility-based births
  - Lower proportion of untrained hilot-attended births
  - Reduce the prevalence of nutritionally at-risk pregnant women
  - Reduce the prevalence of anemia among pregnant women

Deciding on Community Interventions

Analyze the reasons for people's health behavior and address underlying causes
Consider demographic, physiological, social, cultural, and economic characteristics of the target population and available health resources
Facilitate the process, rather than directly implementing interventions
Importance of partnership and collaboration:
- Problems are complex, and nurses and organizations need to work together
- Partnerships increase the probability of achieving goals
- Establish and maintain strong working relationships
- Example of effective partnerships: Advocacy for health equity, multi-sector collaboration, addressing the determinants of health
- Collaboration: Optimizing resource development, enhancing communication and coordination, and improving healthcare performance

Implementing Community Health Interventions

Advocacy:
- Aim: To bridge gaps within healthcare systems to ensure accessible, affordable, effective, and high-quality healthcare
Community Organizing:
- Process by which community members:
  - Assess health needs and problems
  - Plan and implement actions
  - Establish organizational structures
  - Monitor health initiatives
Objectives of community organizing:
- Awareness of social realities
- Forming structures to support basic interests
- Initiating responsible actions
Elements of community organizing:
- Power: Ability to make changes happen
- Relationship building: Accountability within the group
Rapid observation of a community: Ocular/windshield survey
Participant observation: Technique that suits community organizing and participatory action research
Surveys: Collection of information from a sample of individuals
Informant interviews: Conversations with key informants or community members
Community forum: Open meeting of community members
Focus groups: Smaller group discussions (6-12 members)

Secondary data

Taken from existing sources
Registry of vital events:
- Act 3753: Civil registry system
- RA 7160: Local Government Code, assigning civil registration to local governments
- National Statistics Office (NSO): Central registry repository
- Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA): Functions of NSO and Civil Registrar General
Health Records and Reports:
- EO No. 352: FHSIS (official recording and reporting system of the Department of Health)
- FHSIS is used by the Philippine Statistics Authority to generate health statistics
- FHSIS monitors the health status of the population at different levels

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

This quiz covers the key aspects of tuberculosis, including its infectious agent, transmission modes, susceptibility factors, signs and symptoms, and methods of control. Additionally, it highlights the responsibilities of nursing professionals in managing TB cases and ensuring public health safety.