HIV Overview and Management

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Questions and Answers

What are the main components of the HIV virion that are critical for diagnosis and treatment strategies?

Lipids and carbohydrates

Capsid proteins and DNA genome

Ribosomes and plasmids

Envelope proteins and RNA genome (correct)

Which of the following conditions were documented in the Danish surgeon's case that raised suspicion for HIV infection?

High T cell count and respiratory distress

Rapid weight gain and muscle cramps

Diarrhea, swollen lymph nodes, and weight loss (correct)

Fatigue and elevated blood pressure

What significant challenge is associated with HIV vaccine development?

The need for a single-dose vaccine

Sufficient public funding and support

Complete immunity from reinfection

HIV’s ability to mutate rapidly (correct)

Why is adherence to anti-retroviral medication important in HIV treatment?

To prevent sequential mutations of the virus Signup and view all the answers

What key aspect of HIV infection's natural history is measured by lymphocyte counts?

Immune system status and progression of disease Signup and view all the answers

What was the first term used to describe the illness characterized by opportunistic infections and rare malignancies in homosexual men?

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Signup and view all the answers

Which virus is associated with Kaposi's sarcoma, discovered to be sexually transmitted?

Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Signup and view all the answers

What was the reason blood banks did not implement a hepatitis B test initially?

Insufficient evidence to warrant the test Signup and view all the answers

What significant event involving Ryan White occurred in 1985?

He was banned from school due to his AIDS status Signup and view all the answers

What findings were reported from the NEJM study on transmission of AIDS in non-sexual contacts?

No evidence of transmission was found from shared items Signup and view all the answers

What could be a consequence of poor adherence to HIV medication?

Sub-therapeutic plasma HAART concentrations Signup and view all the answers

In which year was the blood test for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) licensed?

1985 Signup and view all the answers

What was the method used to detect the presence of HIV in the lymph node sample studied in January 1983?

Electron microscopy Signup and view all the answers

Which testing method is appropriate during the first few weeks post-exposure to HIV?

Nucleic acid testing on blood Signup and view all the answers

How does HIV impact CD4 T cells in the body?

It destroys CD4 T cells Signup and view all the answers

What significant diagnosis was made regarding Kaposi's sarcoma in 1994?

It was determined to have a viral cause Signup and view all the answers

What is a challenge faced in the development of an HIV vaccine?

Mutational escape of the virus Signup and view all the answers

What approach is recommended for HIV treatment?

Combination therapy targeting multiple replication steps Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the clinical latency phase of HIV infection?

Antibodies control the acute phase. Signup and view all the answers

How has HAART impacted HIV viral load?

It reduces the viral load to undetectable levels. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a challenge in designing an HIV vaccine?

The presence of HIV reservoirs that are hard to eliminate. Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant reason for higher HIV transmission rates among people unaware of their status?

They are less likely to adhere to treatment. Signup and view all the answers

What is the cognitive impact of untreated HIV infection on CD4 T cell function?

They completely stop producing antibodies. Signup and view all the answers

Why is strict adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) crucial?

It helps in maintaining viral suppression and prevents resistance. Signup and view all the answers

What are reverse transcriptase inhibitors designed to do?

Prevent conversion of RNA genome to DNA. Signup and view all the answers

What intervals does CDC recommend for HIV testing among the general population?

At least once from ages 13-64. Signup and view all the answers

What consequence does the high error rate of HIV reverse transcriptase have?

It leads to rapid development of resistance. Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the risks associated with the vaccine trial using Adenovirus type 5?

Vaccination led to a higher incidence of HIV infections. Signup and view all the answers

What role does gp120 play in HIV infection?

It binds to CD4 receptors on host cells. Signup and view all the answers

Which co-receptors can gp120 interact with during the entry of HIV into a host cell?

CCR5 and CXCR4 Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the replication cycle of HIV after the viral RNA is reverse transcribed into dsDNA?

dsDNA integrates into the host DNA. Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic of a CCR5 co-receptor deletion provides resistance to HIV?

Homozygosity for a 32 base pair deletion. Signup and view all the answers

What type of illness is characteristic of the acute phase of HIV infection?

A mono-like illness with rash and fever. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to dendritic cells during primary infection of HIV?

They carry the virus to lymph nodes. Signup and view all the answers

How can HIV infection be diagnosed during the acute illness phase?

By performing PCR or a p24 antigen test. Signup and view all the answers

What is the ultimate outcome of processing within the HIV replication cycle?

Generation of a mature virion that exits the cell. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

HIV Emergence

HIV likely originated from chimpanzees in the early 20th century
The initial spread of HIV was largely unnoticed until the 1980s

HIV Natural History

HIV primarily infects CD4+ T cells
HIV infection leads to a decline in CD4+ T cell counts
HIV infection weakens the immune system, making individuals susceptible to opportunistic infections and malignancies

HIV Diagnostic Tests

HIV can be detected in the first few weeks post-exposure using nucleic acid testing on blood (10-33 days)
Antibody/antigen tests (p24 antigen) can be used to diagnose HIV in the clinical latency or AIDS phases

HIV Vaccine Challenges

HIV undergoes frequent mutations, making it difficult to develop a vaccine that offers broad protection
The virus can establish a reservoir in the body, making it difficult to eradicate
The virus integrates into the host's DNA, making it challenging to prevent infection and establish immunity

Anti-retroviral Therapy

Anti-retroviral medications (ART) target multiple stages of the HIV replication cycle
Combination therapy is essential to prevent the emergence of drug-resistant HIV strains
Adherence to ART is critical for viral suppression, preventing resistance, and improving life expectancy

HAART Impact on CD4 T Cells

HAART therapy significantly increases CD4+ T cell counts in individuals infected with HIV
Untreated individuals experience a steady decline in CD4+ T cells, leading to immune deficiency

Importance of Adherence

Strict adherence to ART is critical for preventing viral resistance.
Non-adherence can lead to sub-therapeutic drug levels, emerging resistance, and compromised immune function

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Description

Explore the emergence of HIV, its natural history, and the challenges associated with developing a vaccine. Learn about diagnostic tests and anti-retroviral therapy that play a crucial role in managing this virus. This quiz delves into the complexities of HIV from its origins to contemporary treatment options.