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Questions and Answers
What is the percentage of the cortical volume of the zona glomerulosa?
What is the percentage of the cortical volume of the zona glomerulosa?
- 20%
- 5-7%
- 80%
- 15% (correct)
What is the shape of the cells in the zona glomerulosa?
What is the shape of the cells in the zona glomerulosa?
- Cuboidal
- Columnar (correct)
- Fibrous
- Spherical
What type of endoplasmic reticulum is abundant in the zona glomerulosa?
What type of endoplasmic reticulum is abundant in the zona glomerulosa?
- Rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum
- Free ribosomes
- Smooth-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum (correct)
- Golgi complexes
What is the main function of aldosterone?
What is the main function of aldosterone?
Where do the cells of the zona glomerulosa secrete aldosterone?
Where do the cells of the zona glomerulosa secrete aldosterone?
What is the function of aldosterone in the distal tubules of the nephron in the kidney?
What is the function of aldosterone in the distal tubules of the nephron in the kidney?
What is the arrangement of the cells in the zona glomerulosa?
What is the arrangement of the cells in the zona glomerulosa?
What is the location of the zona glomerulosa in the adrenal gland?
What is the location of the zona glomerulosa in the adrenal gland?
What type of neurons innervate medullary chromaffin cells?
What type of neurons innervate medullary chromaffin cells?
What happens when chromaffin cells are grown in culture?
What happens when chromaffin cells are grown in culture?
What inhibits axonal growth in chromaffin cells?
What inhibits axonal growth in chromaffin cells?
What is the primary function of epinephrine and norepinephrine?
What is the primary function of epinephrine and norepinephrine?
What is the function of ganglion cells in the medulla?
What is the function of ganglion cells in the medulla?
What is the function of insulin?
What is the function of insulin?
What is the function of glucagon?
What is the function of glucagon?
Where do ganglion cells extend their axons?
Where do ganglion cells extend their axons?
What is the characteristic of the cells in the zona fasciculata?
What is the characteristic of the cells in the zona fasciculata?
What is the primary function of glucocorticoids secreted by the zona fasciculata?
What is the primary function of glucocorticoids secreted by the zona fasciculata?
What is the characteristic of the cells in the zona reticularis?
What is the characteristic of the cells in the zona reticularis?
What is the primary function of the adrenal medulla?
What is the primary function of the adrenal medulla?
What is the characteristic of chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla?
What is the characteristic of chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla?
What is stored in the electron-dense granules of chromaffin cells?
What is stored in the electron-dense granules of chromaffin cells?
What is the feedback control mechanism of the zona reticularis?
What is the feedback control mechanism of the zona reticularis?
What is the characteristic of the cells in the zona fasciculata after tissue preparation?
What is the characteristic of the cells in the zona fasciculata after tissue preparation?
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Study Notes
The Adrenal Glands
- Located near the superior pole of the kidney, each adrenal gland consists of two parts: cortex and medulla.
Structure of Adrenal Gland
- Divided into three zones: zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, and zona reticularis.
Adrenal Cortex
- Zona glomerulosa:
- Narrow outer zone, 15% of cortical volume
- Cells arranged in ovoid clusters and curved columns
- Secrete mineralocorticoids, regulating sodium and potassium homeostasis and water balance
- Principal secretion: aldosterone
- Zona fasciculata:
- Thick middle zone, 80% of cortical volume
- Cells arranged in long cords, densely filled with cytoplasmic lipid droplets
- Secrete glucocorticoids, regulating gluconeogenesis and glycogenesis
- Cortisol acts on multiple cells and tissues to increase metabolic availability of glucose and fatty acids
- Zona reticularis:
- Inner zone, 5-7% of cortical volume
- Smaller cells in a network of irregular cords with wide capillaries
- Regulated by the feedback control of the CRH-ACTH system
Adrenal Medulla
- Composed of large, pale-staining polyhedral cells in cords or clumps, supported by a reticular fiber network
- Chromaffin cells, modified sympathetic postganglionic neurons, lacking axons and dendrites, specialized as secretory cells
- Contain electron-dense granules for hormone storage and secretion, containing catecholamines (epinephrine/adrenalin or norepinephrine/noradrenaline)
- Innervated by cholinergic endings of preganglionic sympathetic neurons, triggering hormone release by exocytosis
- Secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine stimulates vasoconstriction, increased blood pressure, changes in heart rate, and metabolic effects during intense emotional reactions (fight-or-flight response)
Pancreas
- Beta cells of Langerhans islets secrete insulin, helping body cells absorb glucose
- Alpha cells secrete glucagon, releasing glucose
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