3rd Tri topics - respiratory, excretory, endocrine, nervous, cells and digestive

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Questions and Answers

How many miles of airway are present in a human lung?

2500 miles

1500 miles (correct)

1000 miles

2000 miles

How much air can an average human breathe per minute?

10 pints of air

20 pints of air

15 pints of air

13 pints of air (correct)

What is the cause of hiccups?

Sudden movements of the diaphragm (correct)

Sudden movements of the heart

Sudden movements of the brain

Sudden movements of the lungs

What are the bones found within the nasal cavity called?

Nasal bones Signup and view all the answers

What bone divides the nasal cavity into two sides?

Nasal septum Signup and view all the answers

What is the space at the back of the mouth called?

Pharynx Signup and view all the answers

What are the spaces within the bones of the skull called?

Sinuses Signup and view all the answers

What is the windpipe also known as?

Trachea Signup and view all the answers

What is the triangular slit that opens during breathing and talking?

Glottis Signup and view all the answers

Where does gas exchange occur?

Alveoli Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible cause of renal failure?

Overexposure to certain toxins or medications Signup and view all the answers

What are the symptoms of renal failure?

Swelling, weakness, fatigue, and changes in urination Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of hemodialysis?

To remove wastes and toxins from the blood Signup and view all the answers

What is kidney transplant?

A surgeon replaces a damaged kidney with a close-match kidney from a donor Signup and view all the answers

Why is the Excretory system important?

Every system in the body depends on it to remove wastes Signup and view all the answers

How can you keep your excretory system healthy?

By drinking plenty of water and having a balanced diet Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of renal failure?

Itchy dry skin and sore legs Signup and view all the answers

What is the benefit of hemodialysis over kidney transplant?

Hemodialysis outperforms kidney transplant Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to practice proper hygiene?

To keep the excretory system healthy Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of not drinking enough water?

The excretory system will function less efficiently Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the adrenal glands in relation to Addison's disease?

To produce cortisol and aldosterone Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of Addison's disease?

Increased pigmentation Signup and view all the answers

What is diabetes insipidus characterized by?

Increased urination and thirst Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between diabetes insipidus and diabetes mellitus?

One is related to blood sugar levels, while the other is related to fluid balance Signup and view all the answers

What is adrenal insufficiency also known as?

Addison's disease Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of low blood pressure on the body in Addison's disease?

It leads to increased heart rate Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of cortisol in the body?

To regulate various bodily functions Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between aldosterone and blood pressure?

Aldosterone increases blood pressure Signup and view all the answers

What is the common effect of diabetes insipidus and diabetes mellitus on the body?

Increased urination and thirst Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between the adrenal glands and the pancreas?

The adrenal glands produce cortisol, while the pancreas produces insulin Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of epilepsy?

Brain defect that originates at birth Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the symptoms of poliomyelitis?

Headache Signup and view all the answers

What is the best way to prevent the onset of poliomyelitis?

Getting a polio vaccine Signup and view all the answers

What is a common cause of amnesia?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of occupational therapy for people with amnesia?

To help cope with the condition Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of epilepsy?

Sudden convulsions Signup and view all the answers

What is the treatment for epilepsy?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is poliomyelitis also known as?

Infantile paralysis Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of severe poliomyelitis?

Paralysis that may eventually lead to shriveled or disfigured limbs Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of treatment for poliomyelitis?

To relieve symptoms Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of meiosis?

To produce gametes with half of the genetic complement of the parent cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the stage of meiosis where chromosomes become visible?

Metaphase Signup and view all the answers

What is a chromatid?

One of two identical halves of a replicated chromosome Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of telophase?

The separation of duplicated genetic material into two identical daughter cells Signup and view all the answers

How many pairs of chromosomes are typically found in each human cell?

23 Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of Hepatitis C?

Contact with an infected person's blood, semen, or body fluid Signup and view all the answers

What is the common complication of Hepatitis C infection?

Cirrhosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the inflammatory bowel disease that causes inflammation of the digestive tract?

Crohn's disease Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the painful sores that affect the stomach and the upper part of the small intestine?

Peptic ulcers Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the inflammation of the liver caused by Hepatitis C?

Swelling of the liver Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Respiratory System Functions

Exchanges gases (oxygen and CO2)
Produces vocal sounds and sense of smell
Removes waste gases, including carbon dioxide, from the body when exhaling
Regulates blood pH
Protects airways from harmful substances and irritants

Respiratory System Parts

Nose
Trachea (windpipe)
Bronchi tubes
Lungs
Bronchioles (smaller tubes)
Alveoli (tiny air sacs)
Diaphragm

Nose and Nasal Cavity

Bones and cartilage support the nose
Two openings (nostrils) clean the air with hairs and layers of mucus
Air is warmed and moistened in the nose
Nasal cavity is a hollow space behind the nose
Nasal septum is a bone that divides the nose

Pharynx and Epiglottis

Pharynx is a tube-like passageway used by food, liquid, and air
Epiglottis is a flap of tissue that closes to cover the trachea during swallowing to prevent food from entering the lungs

Larynx

Enlargement at the top of the trachea that houses vocal cords (voice box)

Respiratory System Illnesses

Cystic Fibrosis: hereditary disease causing mucus to clog lungs, making it difficult to breathe and causing infections
Laryngitis: inflammation of the larynx causing hoarseness or loss of voice
Hyperventilation: increased breathing rate due to anxiety or panic, leading to low CO2 concentration
Hypoxia: disease characterized by a lack of oxygen in the body's tissues and vital organs
Asphyxia: condition of severely deficient oxygen supply to the body
COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease): obstruction of the airways, often caused by smoking
Emphysema: gradual degeneration of the inner wall of the air sacs, reducing the surface area of the lungs
Lung Cancer: abnormal cell growth in the lungs
Pneumonia: inflammation of the airspaces in the lungs, usually caused by infections
Tuberculosis: infectious and inflammatory lung disease caused by bacteria
Asthma: inflammation of the bronchial tubes with increased production of sticky secretions

Keeping the Respiratory System Healthy

Do not smoke
Exercise daily to increase lung capacity
Eat a diet rich in nutrients
Drink plenty of water to help thin mucus in the lungs
Practice good oral hygiene to prevent lung diseases

Excretory System

Removes excess water, urea, CO2, and other wastes from the blood
Maintains homeostasis, a state of balance among all body systems

The Skin

Excretes excess water, salts, and a small amount of urea in sweat
Removes waste through perspiration (the process of sweating)

The Kidneys

Filter out excess water and urea
Remove waste by urination (the discharge of urine from the body)
Every drop of blood in the body is filtered by the kidneys about 300 times per day
Regulate the amount of water needed to maintain in the body (homeostasis)

Kidney Function

Eliminate urea, minerals, and excess water
Filter wastes and excess water from the blood

Urinary System

Kidneys filter blood, producing urine
Ureters transport urine from kidneys to the urinary bladder
Urinary bladder stores urine until it is released through the urethra

Waste Excretion

Skin: sweat, salt, and small amounts of urea
Lungs: carbon dioxide and water
Kidneys: urine and urea
Large intestine: feces

Kidney Failure

When kidneys can no longer cleanse the blood and maintain homeostasis
Symptoms: swelling, weakness, fatigue, feeling cold, shortness of breath, changes in urination, itchy dry skin, sore legs, loss of taste, and vomiting
Treated through hemodialysis and kidney transplant

Caring for the Excretory System

Drink plenty of water
Have a balanced diet
Eat plenty of fruits and vegetables
Exercise regularly
Practice proper hygiene
Do not hold back the need to urinate

The Endocrine System

The endocrine system and nervous system work together to help maintain homeostasis or balance in the body.
The hypothalamus is a collection of specialized cells located in the brain, and is the primary link between the two systems.

Pituitary Gland

The pituitary gland is a small, pea-sized gland located in the brain.
It controls the functions of many other endocrine glands.
The pituitary gland produces several hormones, including growth hormone (GH) that stimulates body cells to grow and reproduce.
It also helps control blood pressure and water balance.

Other Endocrine Glands

Thyroid gland: produces hormones that regulate growth, development, and metabolism.
Parathyroid gland: produces hormones that regulate calcium levels in the blood.
Adrenal gland: produces steroid hormones that help regulate the body's stress response and maintain homeostasis.
Pancreas: produces hormones that regulate blood sugar levels.
Ovaries (in females) and testes (in males): produce hormones that regulate sexual function and development.
Thymus: produces hormones that regulate the immune system.
Pineal gland: produces hormones that regulate sleep and wakefulness.

Hormones and Health

Hormones regulate growth, development, mood, tissue function, metabolism, and sexual function.
Hyposecretion or hypersecretion of any hormone can be harmful to the body.
Controlling the production of hormones can treat many hormonal disorders in the body.

Endocrine System Diseases

Goiter: a condition where the thyroid gland becomes enlarged due to a lack of iodine in the diet or an over- or underproduction of thyroid hormone.
Hypothyroidism: a condition where the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormone, leading to a slow metabolism.
Hyperthyroidism: a condition where the thyroid gland produces too much thyroid hormone, leading to a fast metabolism.
Hashimoto's disease: an autoimmune disorder that can cause hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism.
Addison's disease: a condition where the adrenal glands do not produce enough cortisol, leading to low blood pressure and increased pigmentation.
Diabetes insipidus: a condition where the body produces too much urine and is very thirsty.
Diabetes mellitus: a condition where the body does not produce enough or respond normally to insulin, leading to high blood sugar levels.

Nervous System Overview

The nervous system is the body's communication and control system.
It consists of two divisions: the Central Nervous System (CNS) and the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Made up of the brain and spinal cord.
Analyzes information and makes decisions.

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Made up of nerves that branch from the brain and spinal cord.
Collects information needed to make decisions.

Nerve Structure

Nerves are bundles of fibers composed of neurons that transmit information from one body part to another.

Neurons

Basic working units of the nervous system.
Information messengers that receive and send electrical messages called impulses.

Brain Regions

Cerebrum: controls voluntary movements, thinking, and decision-making processes.
Cerebellum: controls physical coordination.
Brain stem: helps sort messages, channels them to the correct part of the brain, and controls breathing rate, heart rate, and blood pressure.

Spinal Cord

A column of nerve tissue that runs from the base of the skull down the center of the back.

Sensory Receptors

Gather information from the environment.

Stimulus and Reflex Actions

Stimulus: any change in the internal or external environment.
Reflex actions: automatic and rapid responses to stimuli.

Nervous System Functions

The spinal cord connects the CNS to the PNS.
Impulses travel back and forth between the brain and muscles through the PNS.

Peripheral Nervous System Divisions

Sensory Division: receives information from sensory receptors.
Motor Division: sends impulses to muscles or glands.

Motor Division Components

Somatic Nervous System: motor responses in skeletal muscles under conscious control.
Autonomic Nervous System: motor responses not under conscious control.
- Parasympathetic: normal conditions.
- Sympathetic: times of stress.

Path of Message

Nerve impulses follow a path from sensory organs to the spinal cord, then to the brain, and finally to the parts of the body to carry out required actions.

Health Problems Associated with the Nervous System

Meningitis

Inflammation of the meninges covering the brain or spinal cord caused by bacteria.
Symptoms: severe headache, slow respiration, low pulse rate, and unconsciousness.
Treatment: antibiotics and vaccination.

Concussion

Traumatic brain injury caused by a blow to the head or body.
Symptoms: difficulty speaking, numbness, weakness, and temporary blindness.

Stroke

Condition caused by a blockage in the arteries, cutting off oxygen supply to the brain.
Symptoms: difficulty speaking, numbness, weakness, and temporary blindness.
Prevention: low-fat diet and medical treatment.

Alzheimer's Disease

Caused by abnormal tissue in the brain, leading to confusion, memory loss, and restlessness.
No known treatment, but good nutrition may slow its progress.

Parkinson's Disease

Caused by damage to brain cells, leading to symptoms like mask-like face, trembling hands, and loss of control.
Treatment: correcting imbalance in brain substances.

Epilepsy

Condition involving damage to neurons, causing sudden convulsions, abnormal muscle jerks, and seizures.
Treatment: surgery and medication.

Poliomyelitis

Disease caused by polio virus, attacking nerve cells and causing headache, sore throat, vomiting, and muscle weakness.
Prevention: polio vaccine and rest.

Amnesia

Condition caused by head injuries, physical trauma, shock, or repression, leading to temporary or permanent memory loss.
Treatment: occupational therapy.

What is a Cell?

Cells are the basic structures of all living organisms
Cells provide structure for the body, take in nutrients from food, and carry out important functions
Cells group together to form tissues, which in turn group together to form organs, such as the heart and brain

What are Organelles?

Organelles are specialized structures that perform various jobs inside cells
Organelles carry out tasks such as making proteins, processing chemicals, and generating energy for the cell
The term "organelle" means "little organs" and serves specific functions to keep a cell alive

Discovery of Cells

The cell was first discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665 using a compound microscope
Hooke observed a multitude of tiny pores in a thin slice of bottle cork, which he named "cells" due to their resemblance to small rooms

Cell Theory

The cell theory states that:
- All organisms are made up of one or more cells
- All life functions of an organism occur within cells
- All cells come from preexisting cells
Proponents of cell theory include Theodor Schwann, Matthias Jakob Schleiden, and Rudolf Virchow

Proponents of Cell Theory

Theodor Schwann: "Cell is the basic unit of Life"
Matthias Jakob Schleiden: "All living organisms are made up of cells"
Rudolf Virchow: "All cells come from preexisting cells"

Cell Division

Cell division is the process in which a parent cell divides, eventually giving rise to new daughter cells
It is the means used by multicellular organisms to grow, replenish, and reproduce

Life of a Cell

Millions of cells in the body die every minute but are constantly being replaced through the cell cycle
The process of cell cycle is spent growing, with a small portion of time taken to divide

Chromosomes

Chromosomes are structures found inside the nucleus of a cell, made up of proteins and DNA organized into genes
Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes, with 22 pairs being autosomes and 1 pair being sex-determining
Chromosomes are copied in the cell cycle, and each chromosome has two identical "sister" chromatids

Mitosis

Mitosis is a process where a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells
The major purpose of mitosis is for growth and to replace worn-out cells
The four phases of Mitosis are Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase

Meiosis

Meiosis is a process where a single cell divides twice to produce four cells containing half the original amount of genetic information
The purpose of meiosis is to produce gametes, the sperm and eggs, with half of the genetic complement of the parent cells

Digestive System

The purpose of the digestive system is to break down food into nutrients that can be used by the body's cells.
Food is the fuel that keeps the body working.

Parts of the Digestive System

Mouth
Esophagus
Stomach
Small Intestine
Large Intestine
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas

Digestion

Mechanical digestion involves tearing, crushing, and mashing food.
Chemical digestion involves enzymes breaking down food into nutrients.

Path of Food Through the Body

Mouth

Food is shredded by teeth and mixed with saliva.
Saliva breaks down starches into simple sugars and softens the food.
The tongue pushes the food (bolus) down the esophagus.

Esophagus

Muscles in the esophagus push the bolus down into the stomach.
Peristalsis, a series of wavelike muscle contractions, helps move food through the digestive tract.

Stomach

Food is churned and mixed with digestive juices (enzymes and acid) to break down proteins.
The bolus becomes a thick liquid called chyme.

Small Intestine

Partly digested food mixes with chemicals from the pancreas and liver.
Digested food passes into the bloodstream through the villi in the small intestine walls.

Large Intestine

The large intestine absorbs water and stores waste until it can be eliminated from the body.

Rectum/Anus

Solid waste (feces) is eliminated from the body through the rectum.

Accessory Organs in Digestive System

Liver: produces bile that breaks down fat.
Gallbladder: stores bile and releases it to the small intestine when needed.
Pancreas: produces enzymes that flow into the small intestine to help neutralize stomach acid.

Functions of the Digestive System

Ingestion: taking in food through the mouth.
Propulsion: movement of food throughout the alimentary canal.
Digestion: breakdown of food into simple forms that can be absorbed by the body's cells.
Absorption: taking in of nutrients from the digested food into the cells of the body.
Defecation: excretion or release of waste materials that are not absorbed by the body.

Disorders of the Digestive System

GERD

Gastroesophageal reflux disease, or chronic acid reflux.
Acid-containing contents in the stomach leak back up into the esophagus, irritating the lining.

Hepatitis

Hepatitis B: caused by the virus HBV, spread through contact with an infected person's blood, semen, or body fluid.
Hepatitis C: caused by the virus HCV, spread through contact with an infected person's blood, semen, or body fluid.

Crohn's Disease

A type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
Causes inflammation of the digestive tract, leading to symptoms such as crampy abdominal pain, fatigue, and weight loss.

IBS (Irritable Bowel Syndrome)

Muscles in the bowel wall may contract too forcefully or too weakly, leading to symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, and constipation.

Stomach Ulcers

Peptic ulcers affect the stomach and the upper part of the small intestine (duodenum).
Ulcers in the stomach are also called stomach ulcers or gastric ulcers.

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