Respiratory System PDF

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM PRIMARY FUNCTIONS 1. Exchange gases (oxygen and CO2) 2. Produce vocal sounds and Sense of smell 3. Removes waste gases, including carbon dioxide, from the body when you exhale. 4. Regulate blood pH 5. Protects your airways from harmful substances and irritants. Respiration = proce...

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM PRIMARY FUNCTIONS 1. Exchange gases (oxygen and CO2) 2. Produce vocal sounds and Sense of smell 3. Removes waste gases, including carbon dioxide, from the body when you exhale. 4. Regulate blood pH 5. Protects your airways from harmful substances and irritants. Respiration = process of gas exchange External respiration = air enters the lungs, gas is exchanged with blood cells (air → blood) Internal respiration = blood travels to body parts and exchanges gas with those tissues (blood → tissues) The main body organs or parts of the respiratory system are: Nose trachea (windpipe) (mouth sometimes) bronchi tubes lungs (main organ) bronchioles (smaller tubes) alveoli (tiny air sacs) diaphragm The NOSE bones and cartilage support nose, two openings (nostrils) - It cleaned the air with the help of hairs and layers of mucus - Air is also warmed and moistened by in your nose. Nasal Cavity – hollow space behind the nose Nasal septum – divides the nose (bone) Pharynx (Throat) Tube-like passageway used by food, liquid, and air At the lower end of the pharynx is a flap of tissue called the epiglottis – Epiglottis - flap closes to covers the trachea during swallowing so that food does not enter the lungs epiglottis Larynx – enlargement at the top of the trachea, houses vocal cords “voice box”. -composed of muscles and cartilage - The airway to which two pairs of horizontal folds of tissue, called vocal cords, are attached -thyroid (Adam’s apple), -epiglottic cartilage GLOTTIS: the part of the larynx consisting of the vocal cords and the opening between them. It affects voice modulation through expansion or contraction. - false vocal folds – help close airway during swallowing (do not produce sound) - true vocal folds - produce sound - contracting and relaxing muscles changes pitch (increased tension = higher pitch) Glottis – triangular slit that opens during breathing/talking, and closes during swallowing Epiglottis – closes during swallowing to prevent food from entering the airway glottis Trachea (windpipe) - flexible cylinder with cartilage to give it stiffness and keep it from collapsing - Trachea leads to the BRONCHIAL TREE Trachea (Windpipe) Air-conducting tube Connects the larynx with the bronchi Lined with mucous membranes and cilia Contains strong cartilage rings which hold the trachea open. Without these rings your trachea might close off and air would not be able to get to and from your lungs. Bronchi Two tubes that branch off/connect the lower end of the trachea and direct the air you breathe to your right and left lungs. Carry air into the lungs. Singular - bronchus Bronchioles bronchi tiny tubes split up, like tree branches, and get smaller and smaller inside your lungs. Connect bronchi to alveoli Bronchioles have air sacs called alveoli which are connected to the circulatory system via capillaries Alveoli Tiny, thin-walled, grapelike clusters at the end of each bronchiole. The alveoli are where the lungs and the blood exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide during the process of breathing in and breathing out. Surrounded by capillaries Where carbon dioxide and oxygen exchange take place Singular - alveolus In the lungs, the exchange of gases (oxygen & carbon dioxide) occurs in tiny air sacs called the alveoli. Bronchi and Alveoli Picture Trachea Primary Bronchi Secondary Bronchi bronchioles Tertiary Bronchi Trachea → Primary Bronchi → Secondary Bronchi → Tertiary Bronchi → Bronchioles LUNGS - spongy tissue that sit within the pleural cavity - Lungs allow us to breathe. They bring oxygen into our bodies (called inspiration, or inhalation) and send carbon dioxide out (called expiration, or exhalation). This exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide is called respiration. Right Lung = 3 lobes Left Lung = 2 lobes Cardiac notch space for heart Serous fluid lubricates lungs during breathing Diaphragm Muscle wall between the chest and the abdomen that the body uses for breathing Lungs expand and contract in response to changes in pressure inside the chest cavity. The diaphragm flattens to cause the chest to expand and air is pulled into the lungs. When the diaphragm relaxes, the chest collapses and the air in the lungs is forced out. Diagram of Diaphram BREATHING MECHANISM Breathing is the process by which you inhale and exhale. When you inhale oxygen (O2) enters in. When you exhale your body gets rid of carbon dioxide (CO2). All living things need oxygen in order to release the energy (from food) that cells need. Without oxygen the energy found in nutrients can’t be converted into a useful form of energy that the cells can use. When the body needs more oxygen, it will breathe rapidly to get the oxygen it needs to meet its energy needs. As the body gets more active, it needs more oxygen. My lungs are working extra hard! Can we slow down?. EXHALATION As the diaphragm and other muscles relax, ELASTIC RECOIL from surface tension forces air out. Muscles can force extra air out or in NON RESPIRATORY MOVEMENTS Coughing, sneezing, laughing, crying Hiccup - spasm of the diaphragm Yawn - possibly causes by low oxygen levels Respiratory Air Volumes Spirometry - measures the amount (volume) of air moving in and out of the lungs Respiratory Cycle - 1 inspiration and 1 expiration Resting Tidal Volume = amount of air that enters the lungs during one cycle *take a normal breath Vital Capacity (lung capacity) - the amount of air that can be forced in or out by taking a deep breath. Factors that can Affect Breathing 1. Rise in CO2 2. Low blood oxygen 3. Emotional upset, fear and pain ILLNESSES RELATED TO THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Cystic Fibrosis - hereditary disease, mucus clogs the lungs, making it difficult to breathe and causing infections LARYNGITIS Inflammation of the larynx that makes the voice hoarse, or the person loses their ability to speak. Caused by illness, allergies, smoking, some medications. If you have chronic laryngitis, you might want to see an OTOLARYNGOLOGIST Laryngoscope Hyperventilation - increased breathing, lower CO2 concentration - rapid or deep breathing, usually caused by anxiety or panic Breathing into a bag can restore CO2 It causes the amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the blood to drop. This may concentrations make you feel light-headed. You may also have a fast heartbeat and feel short of breath. It also can lead to numbness or tingling in the hands or feet, anxiety, fainting, and sore chest muscles. Hypoxia is a disease in which there is an overall lack of oxygen content within the body's tissue and vital human organs (specifically the brain). Hypoxia has several potential causes, including: cardiac arrest, severe head trauma, carbon monoxide poisoning, suffocation, strangulation, and choking, as well as any instance in which oxygen supply is deprived from the body. Asphyxia is a condition of severely deficient supply of oxygen to the body that arises from being unable to breathe normally. An example of asphyxia is choking. Asphyxia causes generalized hypoxia, which primarily affects the tissues and organs. asphyxia is caused by an injury or obstruction of the airway passages whereas hypoxia is caused by insufficient delivery, uptake or utilization of oxygen by the body's tissues. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or COPD, is an obstruction of the airways that occurs with chronic bronchitis and/or emphysema. SMOKING IS THE MOST COMMON CAUSE OF COPD & EMPHYSEMA Bronchitis is inflammation of the main air passages to the lungs, irritated tissues produce mucus Bronchitis may be short-lived (acute) or chronic, meaning that it lasts a long time and often recurs. Emphysema affects the alveoli Emphysema is a gradual degeneration of the inner wall of the air sacs. When the air sacs damaged, larger air sacs are created, reducing the surface area of the lungs. This decreases the amount of oxygen that reaches the bloodstream. - a blood clot that moves to the lungs Lung Cancer Lung cancer starts when abnormal cells grow out of control in the lungs. There usually are no signs or early symptoms of lung cancer. As lung cancer stages advance, lung cancer symptoms may include coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, and bloody mucus. Lung cancer is a type of cancer that starts when abnormal cells grow in an uncontrolled way in the lungs. It is a serious health issue that can cause severe harm and death. Pneumonia An inflammation of the airspaces in the lungs most commonly due to infections. The infections may be caused by bacteria, viruses of fungi. Tuberculosis Tuberculosis is an infectious and inflammatory lung disease caused by bacteria. It spreads through the air when an infected person cough or sneezes and the infected air is inhaled by other person. Asthma inflammation of the bronchial tubes with increased production of sticky secretions inside the tubes. People with asthma experience symptoms when the airways tighten, or fill with mucus. Common asthma symptoms include: Coughing, wheezing Shortness of breath Chest tightness, pain, or pressure Bronchodilators are used to open airways. Laryngitis Laryngitis is an inflammation of your voice box (larynx) from overuse, irritation or infection. It may also be triggered by smoking and by straining the voice through frequent yelling or voice overuse. Results may include: Hoarseness, loss of voice, sore throat, and painful cough Keeping The Respiratory System Healthy DON'T SMOKE! Exercise daily to increase lung capacity Have diet rich in nutrients. Low levels of some nutrients can cause lung disease Drink plenty of water to help thin mucus that accumulate in your lungs Practice good oral hygiene to prevent lung diseases Interesting Facts 1. An adult's lung contains about 300 million alveoli 2. If you opened an adult's lung, and spread it on a flat surface you will have a surface area of about 70 square meters. That's about the area of three lanes in a bowling alley! 3. Approximately 1500 miles of airway are present in a human lung 4. An average human can breathe 13 pints of air every minute 5. Hiccups are caused by sudden movements of the diaphragm Activity 1: Instructions: Name the labelled parts of the respiratory system. Answer directly. Write your answer in your science notebook 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Activity 2: read and analyze each statement/questions carefully and write your answer in your science notebook (answer directly) 1. What do you call the bones found within the nasal cavity? 2. What specific bone divides the nasal cavity into two sides? 3. The space at the back of the mouth is the________. 4. The spaces within the bones of the skull are called the ______________________ 5. What structure is known as the windpipe? ______ 6. What is the triangular slit that opens during breathing and talking? 7. In what structures does gas exchange occur? 8. During swallowing, this flap closes to prevent food from entering the airway: ______________________